The structural Model of the Causal Relationships between Psychological Capital, Professional Motivation, and Emotional Labor Strategies among Middle School Teachers

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of educational Psychology Womens, Faculty-Ain Shams University.

10.21608/jsrep.2024.378447

Abstract

   The current research aimed to reach to a structural model that explains the causal relationships between psychological capital (Psycap), professional motivation (PM), and emotional labor (EL) among middle school teachers ,and detect  the difference in relationships between EL and both Psycap and PM according to gender and years of experience.The research sample consisted of (271) male and female middle school teachers in government schools in the Egyptian Beheira Governorate during the academic year (2023/2024), aged (27:58) years, with an average age of (44.5) and a standard deviation of (4.2) years. The research tools included Psycap scale, PM scale and EL scale (designed by the two researchers). Findings: revealed a partial mediation of PM in the relationship between Psycap and EL, also revealed that no differences in the strength of the relationship between EL and Psycap according to gender and years of experience. Also, there were no differences in the strength of the relationship between EL and PM according to years of experience, while there was a difference according to gender.                                                 

Keywords


 
Ibn Rashid, Marwa Marwan, & Tashtoush, Rami Abdullah. (October 2022). The relative contribution of professional motivation and self-management in predicting decision-making among administrators at Jadara University in Jordan. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 6(48), 95-112
Abu Al-Maati, Walid Muhammad; & Ahmed, Manar Mansour. (2018). Psychological capital and its relationship to professional commitment among general education teachers. Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(2), 409-441.
Abu Al-Haija, Ghada Saleh, & Bani Khalaf, Mahmoud Hassan. (2023). Professional motivation for teaching among science teachers in light of their vision of education (teaching is a profession - teaching is a job). Journal of Educational Sciences, 50(4). 150- 166.
Abu Allam, Raja Mahmoud. (2004). Education: Its Foundations and Applications, Dar Al Masirah Publishing House, Amman - Jordan.
Abu Aisha, Amani. (2019). Degree of motivation among employees in the Ministry of Education. Journal of Educational Sciences, 46 (2), 389-409.
Ismail, Heba Hussein. (2019). Psychological capital and its relationship to methods of coping with stress among special education teachers. Journal of Scientific Research in Arts: Girls College of Arts, Science and Education - Ain Shams University, 2(4), Part 4, 47-72.
Al-Abyad, Adel Abdel Moati. (2021). The effectiveness of a training program based on the dimensions of professional motivation in improving job satisfaction among Al-Azhar teachers. Journal of Education, Al-Azhar University, 190, 1-60.
Al-Barrak, Souad Nasser. (2017). The effect of practical pressures on the professional motivation of teachers with learning disabilities. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 6 (21), 74- 107.
Al-Jubouri, Ali Mahmoud Kazem; Al-Shujairi, Daoud Hamza Hassan. (2018). The emotional effort exerted by first grade primary teachers. Journal of Human Sciences: College of Education for Human Sciences - University of Babylon, Iraq, 25(4), 18-36.
Al-Hamalawy, Manal Mansour Ali. (2019). Methods of coping with stress as a mediating variable between psychological capital and psychological well-being of teachers. Journal of Psychological Studies, 29(2), 217-307.
Al-Rikabi, Jalal Jassim Muhammad. (2021). Self-efficacy and its relationship to professional motivation among social studies teachers at the primary level. Journal of the College of Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, 2, 619-632.
Al-Shehri, Kholoud bint Maada Saeed. (2024). Psychological capital and its relationship to professional compatibility among teachers with disabilities in the Medina Education Administration. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 78(2), 173-234.
Al-Shehri, Abdul Rahman Salem Muhammad Al-Shughaibi. (2022). Psychometric properties of the psychological capital scale and testing alternative factorial structures among university students. Journal of Educational and Human Sciences, 22, 78-104.
Al-Salhi, Fatima. (2013). Reasons for weak motivation among eleventh and twelfth grade teachers from the point of view of the teachers themselves in the Al Batinah Governorate in the north. Arab Educators Association, 1(35), 73-95.
Al-Abri, Raya Saif Saeed, & Al-Dahli, Rabia Al-Murr. (2023). The level of professional motivation among teachers in post-basic education schools in the Al Dakhiliyah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman. Jordanian Journal of Applied Sciences - Human Sciences Series, Part 38 (1), 1-19. Retrieved from http://1411143/record/com.mandumah.search
Al-Fadhli, Yasmine Haddad Fadel. (2013). Professional motivation among kindergarten teachers in light of some subjective variables, Master’s thesis (unpublished), College of Educational and Psychological Sciences, Amman Arab University, Amman - Jordan.
Al-Yazigi, Adel Rafiq. (2021). Psychological capital as a predictor of job satisfaction and quality of life among physical education teachers in Gaza governorates. Master’s thesis, College of Education - Al-Aqsa University.
Barakat, Ziad. (2013). Manifestations of emotional effort among faculty members at Al-Quds Open University. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education, 33(4), 131-148.
Bulbul, Yousra Shaaban Ibrahim, Hegazy, Hassan Shukri Attia. (2021). Modeling causal relationships between psychological capital, professional adaptation, and professional success among primary school teachers. Journal of the Faculty of Education - Port Said University, 36, 519-569.
Bani Khalaf, Mahmoud Hassan, & Al-Qabalan, Fayez Yousef. (2013). The predictive ability of functional and demographic factors regarding the level of professional motivation toward school work among science teachers in schools in Jaras Governorate. Journal of Educational Sciences, 40 (1), 748-762.
Jarallah, Salah Mahdi, & Saleh, Ayad Ismail. (2019). Building a tool to measure the professional motivation of educational counselors. Basra Research Journal for Human Sciences, 44(4), 408-445.
Johar, Enas Sayed Ali Abdel Hamid. (2021). Psychological capital and its relationship to psychological empowerment and psychological burnout among kindergarten teachers. Journal of Childhood and Education, 48(2), 477-536.
Hassan, Ahmed Muhammad Shabib, & Abdel Wahed, Ibrahim Sayed Ahmed. (2020/July). Professional motivation and its relationship to academic success skills among university students. Journal of Education, Al-Azhar University, 187, 342- 376.
Hassan, Sayed Muhammadi Samida. (2020). The Big Five factors in personality, psychological capital, and classroom leadership styles among secondary school teachers: A cross-cultural study. Fayoum University Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 14(9), 65-193.
Hussein, Ramadan Ashour. (2019). The predictive value of psychological capital on peace of mind in a sample of graduate students. Journal of Specific Education Research - Mansoura University, 45, 25-61.
Hussein, Hisham Barakat. (2016). Professional motivation for teaching among mathematics teachers in the Arab cultural environment: an analytical study. Journal of Mathematics Education, Egyptian Society for Mathematics Education, 19(12), 19-66.
Duqah, Ahmed. (2002). The cognitive and emotional dimensions of motivation to work. Journal of Human Sciences, 17, 147-156
Rady, Mona Abdel Fattah El-Borai. (2023). Emotional effort and motivation and their role in predicting psychological burnout among a sample of special education teachers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 74(2), 59-122.
Suwaidan, Nizam Musa. (2010). Measuring the impact of the emotional effort exerted by service providers on their level of performance: an applied study on faculty members in private Jordanian universities. Al-Azhar University Journal: Human Sciences Series, 12(2), Part 1, 271-296.
Shaaban, Manal Muhammad Hussein. (2020). Manifestations of emotional effort among a sample of teachers of gifted students. Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing, 25, 367-390.
Saqr, Hala Ahmed Abdel Halim. (2020). Emotional stress and its relationship to psychological burnout among teachers. Educational and Psychological Studies: Faculty of Education - Zagazig University, 35(108), Part 2, 291-340.
Abdel-Bari, Asmaa Fathi Tawfiq. (2021). Psychological capital among female student teachers in kindergarten and its relationship to some psychological variables. Journal of Childhood and Education, 48(4), 215-318.
Abdel Halim, Reda Rabie. (2020). Gender as a moderating variable in the relationship between job satisfaction and professional motivation of teachers using multi-group structural equation modeling. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 4 (46), 160-186.
Abdullah, Nashwa Abdel Moneim. (2021). The relative contribution of psychological capital in predicting professional engagement and psychosomatic symptoms among special education teachers. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 13(45), Part 1, 1-64.
Atallah, Mustafa Khalil Mahmoud, and Abu Bakr, Ahmed Samir Siddiq. (2024). Modeling causal relationships between psychological coping skills, professional motivation, and job engagement for special education teachers. Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 25 (2), 1- 54.
Afifi, Amal Jamal. (2019). The effectiveness of a training program based on neuro-linguistic programming techniques in developing professional motivation. Journal of the College of Education - Port Said University, 26, 1013- 1043.
Ali, Amani Adel Saad. (2021). Psychological capital as a mediating variable in the relationship between professional pressures and job integration among special education teachers. Journal of Special Needs Science, 3(5), Part 1, 1733-1794.
Ali, Amani Adel Saad. (2022). Predicting emotional effort through both psychological empowerment and professional hardiness among Alexandria special education teachers. Journal of the Faculty of Education - Alexandria University, 4(32), 193-233.
Eid, Souad Muhammad; & Salem, Hanem Ahmed Ahmed. (2023). The structural model of the relationships between psychological capital, professional identity, and effective teaching among middle school teachers. Educational and psychological studies - Journal of the Faculty of Education in Zagazig, 38 (131), Part 1, 9-105.
Ghobari, Thaer (2008). Motivation theory and practice, Dar Al Masirah Publishing House, Amman - Jordan.
Fadl, Ahmed Thabet. (2015). Spiritual intelligence and its relationship to happiness and professional motivation among primary school teachers. Journal of the Faculty of Education - Tanta University, 9, 339- 459.
Muhammad, Amira, & Hijazi, Aisha. (2017/January). Teacher motivation and its relationship to personality traits. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 97-112.
Muhammad, Amira Muhammad Badr. (2018). Psychological capital and its relationship to both emotional effort strategies and work satisfaction among primary school teachers. Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 28(100), 109-201.
Manasriya, Omar. (2015). Emotional effort in educational administration. Journal of Social Sciences, 21, 117-132.
Hashem, Israa Hashem. (2017). Primary school teachers’ motivation for professional development and its relationship to the efficiency of the educational leadership system as they perceive it. International Conference of the National Planning Institute “Towards Education Supporting Sustainable Development in Egypt,” May 6-8, 216-246.
المراجع الأجنبية:
Akin, U., Aydin, I., Erdogan, c., & Kasimoglo, D. N. (2014). Emotional labor and burnout among Turkish primary school teachers. The Australian Educational Researcher, 41(2), 155-169. DOI:10.1007/s13384-013-0138-4.
Alniacik, U., Alnlaclk, E., Akcin, K., & Erat, S. (2012). Relationships between career motivation, affective commitment and job satisfaction, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences ,58 ,355 –362.
Andries, A. (2009). Emotions Management within Organizations. Economics and Applied Informatics, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, 2, 17-34.
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88–115. doi.org/10.2307/258824
Ave, J. B. (2014). The Left Side of Psychological Capital: New Evidence on the Antecedents of Psycap. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(2), 141-149. DOI:10.1177/1548051813515516
Avey, J. B., Nimnicht, J. L., & Graber pigeon, N. (2010). Two field studies examining the association between positive psychological capital and employee performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(5),384–401.
Awaliah, R., & Ingarianti, T. M. (2024). The relationship between psychological capital and career commitment in teachers. Research and Development in Education (RaDEn), 4(1), 709-724. doi.org/10.22219/raden.v4i1.32347
Barbu, C.M., Ponea, Șt. 2018. Professional motivation and satisfaction. Case study at Prexi Com Ltd. Journal of Advanced Research in Management, 2(20): 85 – 97. DOI: 10.14505/jarm.v10.2(20).04
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2003). Development and Validation of the Emotional Labour Scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 365-379. doi.org/10.1348/096317903769647229
Cavus, M., & Gokcen, A. (2015). Psychological Capital: Definition, Components and Effects. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 5(3), 244-255. DOI: 10.9734/BJESBS/2015/12574
Chong, J.X.Y., & Gagné, M. (2019). Self-Determination Theory for Work Motivation In R. Griffin (Ed.), Oxford Bibliographies in Management. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199846740-0182
Cimen, I., & Ozgan, H. (2018). ContribuJing and damaging factors related to the psychological capital of teachers: A qualitative analysis. Educational Research, 28(2), 308-328.
Craig, J. C. (2017). International teacher attrition: multi perspective views. Teacher and teaching, 23(8), 859 -862. doi.org/ 10.1080/13540602.2017.1360860
Criado-Del Rey, J.,Portela-Pino, I.; Domínguez-Alonso, J.,Pino-Juste, M.(2024). Assessment of Teacher Motivation, Psychometric Properties of the Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers (WTMST) in Spanish Teachers. Educ. Sci, 14, 212. https:// doi.org/10.3390/educsci14030212
Diefendorff, J. M., & Gosserand, R. H. (2003). Understanding the emotional labor process: A control theory perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(8), 945–959. doi.org/10.1002/job.230
Esmaeilikia, M., & Groth, m. (2019). A motivational approach to emotional labor: Examining the link between goal orientation and emotional labor strategies. journal-of-management-and-organization,28 (6), 1280- 1300.
 Feng, F. (2016). School Principals’ Authentic Leadership and Teachers’ Psychological Capital: Teachers’ Perspectives.International Education Studies, 9(10), 245-255. doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n10p245
Fermiano Fidelis AC, Fernandes A, Rech J, Larentis F, Zanandrea G, Tisott PB (2021). Relationship between psychological capital and motivation: study ın health organizations of Southern Brazil. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 9(3), 186–201.
Ferraro, T., Pais, L., Moreira, J. M., Dos Santos, N. R. (2018) Decent work and work motivation in knowledge workers: the mediaJing role of psychological capital. Applied Research in Quality of Life ,13(2), 501–523.
Flanagan, A. C. (2024). An Investigation into the Psychological Capital of Second-Career Teachers and Factors Influencing Their Scores. Ph.D, Richmond, Virginia.
Fu, C. S. (2014). An Exploration of the Relationship between Psychological Capital and the Emotional Labor of Taiwanese Preschool Teachers. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 7(2), 226-246.
Fu, C. S. (2015). The Effect of Emotional Labor on Job Involvement in Preschool Teachers: Verifying the MediaJing Effect of Psychological Capital. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(3), 145-156.
Gagné, M., Forest, J., Gilbert, M. H., Aubé, C., Morin, E., & Malorni, A. (2010). The motivation at work scale: Validation evidence in two languages. Educational and psychological measurement, 70(4), 628-646.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self‐determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational behavior, 26(4), 331-362.
Grandy, A. A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology ,5(1),95-110. DOI:10.1037//1076-8998.5.1.95
He, W., Tian, G., Li, Q., Liu, L. B., & Zhou, J. (2022). Examining the Relationships between Student Teacher Professional Identity Tensions and Motivation for Teaching: MediaJing Role of Emotional Labor Strategies in China. Sustainability Journal, 14(19). doi.org/10.3390/su141912727
Herdem, D. D. (2019). The Effect of Psychological Capital on Motivation for Individual Instrument: A Study on University Students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(6),1402-1413
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The manged Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. University of California press.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., &Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural Equation Modeling :Guidelines for Determining Model Fit .The Electronic  Journal of Business Research Methods ,6,53-60
Hsieh,C.,& Kai-Jo Fu,K. (2012). Motivational Bases and Emotional Labor: Assessing the Impact of Public Service Motivation, https://www.researchgate.net
Hur,     W. M., Shin, Y., &Won Moon, T. (2020). Linking Motivation, Emotional Labor, and Service Performance From a Self-Determination Perspective, Journal of Service Research,25 (2). doi.org/10.1177/1094670520975204
Idil, T. (2015). The Effect of Positive Psychological Capital on Emotional Labor. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 4(2), 20–34. doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v4i2.23
Ji, X. H. (2009). The Study of the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Organization Commitment for Teachers. Journal of Huaibei Professional and Technical College, 1, 91-93.
Karabağ Köse, M., Karataş, E., Küçükçene, M., &Taş, A. (2021). Validity and reliability study of teacher professional motivation scale: A comparison of online and paper-pencil administration. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 51,479-498. doi:10.9779.pauefd.707619
Kiral, E. (2016). Psychometric Properties of the Emotional Labor Scale in a Turkish Sample of School Administrators. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 63, 71-88. dx.doi.org/ 10.14689/ejer.2016.63.5
Khajavy, Gh. H., Makiabadi, H., Navokhi, S. A. (2019). The Role of Psychological Capital in Language Learners' Willingness to Communicate, Motivation, and Achievement .Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 495-513 .
Kruml, M. S. (2000). Exploring the dimension of Emotional Labor: The Heart of Hochschild’s Work. Management Communication Quarterly, 14(1), 8-49. doi.org/10.1177/0893318900141002
Kurt, N., Demirbolat, A. O. (2019). Investigation of the Relationship Between Psychological Capital Perception, Psychological Well-Being and Job Satisfaction of Teachers. Journal of Education and Learning, 8(1), 87-99. doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n1p87
Lee, H., Chou, M., Chin, .,& Wu, H.(2017).The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Professional Commitment of Preschool Teachers: The ModeraJing Role of Working Years .Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5 (5), 891-900.
Lee, M., Pekrun, R., Taxer, J. L., Schutz, P. A., Vogl, E., & Xie, X. (2016). Teachers’ emotions and emotion management: IntegraJing emotion regulation theory with emotional labor research. Social Psychology of Education, 19(4), 843–863. doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-016-9359-5
Liu, D., & Du, R. (2024). Psychological capital, mindfulness, and teacher burnout: insights from Chinese EFL educators through structural equation modeling. Organizational psychology, 15, 1-14. DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1351912
Liu, J.J. and Huang, S. Y. (2022) A Study on University Students’Psychological Capital and Academic Performance: Autonomous Motivation as the Mediator.Open Access Library Journal, 9,1-20:e8941. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.11089
Lopes, S., Chambel. M. J. (2015). Motivations of temporary agency workers and context free well-being: Work engagement as a mediator. TÉKHNE - Review of Applied Management Studies, 12, 38-47.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (pp. 124-129, 214-227).
Mcshane, S., & Glinow, M. (2009). Organization Behavior. Second edition, student edition of the online learning center for organizational behavior, ISBN: 0073381225/ the McGraw – Hill / Irwin online center (OLC). Workplace emotions and attitudes.
Mohsin, F. Z., & Ayub, N. (2020). General Emotional Labor Scale: Development and establishing psychometric properties. Business Review, 15(1), 83-96. DOI:10.54784/1990-6587.1011
Nair, J. G., & Sarada, S. (2016). Work Motivation As The Antecedent Of Emotional Labour Process Among Professional College Teachers In Kerala. Journal of Human Resource ,4 (6),1 -10 ISSN 2347-825X
Özpolat, A. R., Yalçin, S., Bas, N. (2022/ Sep-Nov). Relationship between Teachers' Positive Psychological Capital, Organisational Commitment and Motivation Levels. Journal on School Educational Technology,18(2), 1-16.
Peng, J., He, Y., Deng, J., Zheng, L., Chang, Y., & Liu, X. (2019). Emotional labor strategies and job burnout in preschool teachers: Psychological capital as a mediator and moderator. Journal of work, 63 (3), 335-345. DOI:10.3233/WOR-192939
Plessis, C., & AlJintas, E. (2024), "We can be heroes at work: the relationship between psychological capital, motivation and well-being during the great resignation". Journal of Organizational Change Management, 37 (3), pp. 581-602. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-06-2023-0240
Selcuk, D. (2018). The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Stress, Anxiety, Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Job Involvement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 75, 137-153.
Singh, P., & Sharma, H. (2017). Impact of Work Motivation on Job Satisfaction of Teachers in Professional Education, Research, Journal of Social Science & Management, 6(5), 90-69.
Tang, C. F., So-Kum, C., & Shuwen, T. (2011). Psychological Capital as a Moderator Between Emotional Labor, Burnout, and Job Satisfaction Among School Teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management, 18(4),348-371. DOI:10.1037/a0025787
Tore, E. (2020). Effects of Intrinsic Motivation on Teacher Emotional Labor: MediaJing Role of Affective Commitment. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16 (5), p390-403
Tosten, R., & Toprak, M. (2017). Positive psychological capital and emotional labor: A study in educational organizations. Cogent Education, 4(1). doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1301012
Truta, C. (2014). Emotional labor and motivation in teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127 ,791 – 795
Tsang, K. K. (2011). Emotional labor of teaching. Educational Research, 2(8), 2141-5161.
Wang, H., Hall, N. C., & Taxer, J. L. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of teachers’ emotional labor: A systematic review and meta-analytic investigation. Educational Psychology Review, 31(3), 663–698. Doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09475-3
Winograd, K. (2003). The Functions of Teacher Emotions: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Teachers College Record, 105, 1641-1673. doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9620.2003.00304         
Viseu, J., Neves de Jesus, S., Rus, C., Canavarro, J. M. (2016).Teacher Motivation, Work Satisfaction, and Positive Psychological Capital: A Literature Review. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 14 (2), 439-461. doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.39.15102
Yang, C., Chen, Y., & Zhao, X. (2019). Emotional Labor: Scale Development and Validation in the Chinese Context. Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, 10. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02095
Yang, M. Y. (2008). The Study on the Emotional Work of Elementary and Middle School Teacher and It’s Relation with Traits and Mental Health. MaD, Chongqing: Southwest University.
Ye, M., & Chen, Y. (2015). A Literature Review on Teachers’ Emotional Labor. Creative Education,6(20), 2232-2240. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2015.620230
Yilmaz, K., AlJinkurt, Y. & Guner, M. (2015). The relationship between teachers’ emotional labor and burnout level. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 59, 75-90. doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2015.59.5
Yin, H. B., Lee, J. C., Zhang, Z. H., & Jin, Y. L. (2013). Exploring the relationship among teachers' emotional intelligence, emotional labor strategies and teaching satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 35,137-145. DOI:10.1016/j.tate.2013.06.006
Yin, H. Wang, W., Huang, S., & Li, H. (2018). Psychological Capital, Emotional Labor and Exhaustion: Examining MediaJing and ModeraJing Models. Current Psychology, 37, 343–356.
Zewude, G. T., &Hercz, M. (2022). The Role of Positive Psychological Capital in the Prediction of Teachers’ Well-being Mediated Through Motivation: A Review of Literature. Athens Journal of Health & Medical Sciences, 9(4),245-264. doi.org/10.30958/ajhms.9-4-4
Zheng, X. Z., & Zheng, S. (2022). Psychological Capital Relates with Teacher Enjoyment: The MediaJing Role of Reappraisal. Journal of Educational Psychology a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879312