The level of psychological fullness and grief response in a sample of widowed women

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Counseling and Special Education, College of Educational Sciences, Mutah University, Jordan

Abstract

The objective of the current research is to identify the level of full psychological presence and grief response. The study sample consisted of (252) widowed women. To achieve the study objectives, the two scales of the study were developed: full psychological presence and grief response. The full psychological level and the level of grief response in a sample of widowed women was average for all dimensions. In the light of the results, the study recommended recommendations, including: The need for specialists in family and psychological counseling to hold rehabilitative courses for widows in order to enhance the level of full psychological presence and reduce the level of grief response.

Keywords


Abu Darwish, Mona, Abu Tayah, Aida, Al-Hroub, Amer, and Tarawneh, Ikhlas. (2016). Characteristics of widows and divorcees in the governorates of southern Jordan and the problems they face. Journal of Studies and Research, 23, 274-289.
Elias Atallah. (2020). A Dictionary of Contemporary Arabic - Ahmed Mokhtar Omar and others. Reading in the title, introduction and text, Linguistic Practices, 11 (4), 07-36.
Department of Statistics (2022). Population and Family Health Survey 2017-2018. Oman.
Pharaoh, Muhannad, Al-Takhina, Suhaib (2020). The level of psychological well-being and its relationship to symptoms of post-traumatic stress among refugees in Jordan. Studies: Educational Sciences, 47(4), 302-321.
المراجع باللغة الإنجليزية:
American Psychological Association (2022). Definition Eudaimonic Well-Being. Retrieved March 2022.
American Psychological Association (2022). Definition of Grief. Retrieved from APA Dictionary of Psychology. Accessed on 3/22/2022.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of general psychology5(4), 323-370. ‏
Bellini, S., Erbuto, D., Andriessen, K., Milelli, M., Innamorati, M., Lester, D., ... & Pompili, M. (2018). Depression, hopelessness, and complicated grief in survivors of suicide. Frontiers in Psychology9, 198.
Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2007). Perceived social support, malevolent maternal representations, and older adults' depressed mood. Journal of social and clinical psychology26(6),            728-750.
Bouziane, Fatima (2015). Confrontation strategies and their relationship to the quality of life of a sample of widows: a field study in the city of Ouargla. "unpublished Master Thesis". University Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla.
Bowlby, J. (1999). Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Charansarn, A. (2014). Social support and quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence "Doctoral dissertation", University Utara Malaysia.
Charansarn, A., Hillaluddin, A. H., & Jamaluddin, Z. (2014). Quality of life of widows involved in Southern Thailand's violence. Master of Arts (Social Work), University Utara Malaysia,
Chenube, O. O., & Omumu, F. C. (2011). The influence of socio-economic status and education in grief experienced and coping strategies employed among widows. Gender and behaviour9(1), 3612-3623.
Choi, K. H., & Vasunilashorn, S. (2014). Widowhood, age heterogamy, and health: The role of selection, marital quality, and health behaviors. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences69(1), 123-134.
Cloninger, C., & Svrakic, D. (1999). Personality disorders. In B. Sadock & V. Sadock (Eds.) Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (pp 1723–1764). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Collins dictionary. (n.d.). widower. In Collins dictionary- English Dictionary. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual review of psychology, 54(1), 403-425. ‏
Freud, S (1991). sadness and melancholy. In Collected Works: X: Works from 1913-1917 (pp. 428-446).
Gilbar, O., & Ben‐Zur, H. (2002). Bereavement of spouse caregivers of cancer patients. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry72(3), 422-432.
Guo, Y., Ge, T., Mei, L., Wang, L., & Li, J. (2021). Widowhood and Health Status Among Chinese Older Adults: The Mediation Effects of Different Types of SupportFrontiers in public health9.
Heeke, C. (2018). Risk factors and clinical manifestations of prolonged grief disorder: Particular characteristics of violent loss (Doctoral dissertation).
Holm, A. L., Berland, A. K., & Severinsson, E. (2019). Factors that influence the health of older widows and widowers—A systematic review of quantitative research. Nursing Open6(2), 591-611.
Jaladin, R. A. M., Fernandez, J. A., Abdullah, N. A. S., & Asmawi, A. (2020). Empowering single mothers through creative group counselling: An effective intervention to improve mental wellbeing. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences16(3), 192-201.
Jones, A. S., LaLiberte, T., & Piescher, K. N. (2015). Defining and strengthening child well-being in child protection. Children and Youth Services Review54, 57-70.
Kim, S. M., & Kown, S. H. (2018). Influential factors of complicated grief of bereaved spouses from cancer patient. Journal of Korean Academy of nursing, 48(1), 59-69.
Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of traumatic stress: official publication of the international society for traumatic stress studies17(1), 11-21.
Mantelou, A., & Karakasidou, E. (2017). The effectiveness of a brief self-compassion intervention program on self-compassion, positive and negative affect and life satisfaction. Psychology, 8(4), 590-610.
Mughal, S., Azhar, Y., & Siddiqui, W. J. (2018). Grief reaction. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Rendall, M. S., Weden, M. M., Favreault, M. M., & Waldron, H. (2011). The protective effect of marriage for survival: a review and update. Demography, 48(2), 481-506.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of happiness studies, 9(1), 13-39.
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(4), 719.
Ryff, C. D., Love, G. D., Urry, H. L., Muller, D., Rosenkranz, M. A., Friedman, E. M., ... & Singer, B. (2006). Psychological well-being and ill-being: do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 75(2), 85-95.
Schaal, S., Jacob, N., Dusingizemungu, J. P., & Elbert, T. (2010). Rates and risks for prolonged grief disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors. BMC psychiatry, 10(1), 1-9.
Schueller, S. M., & Seligman, M. E. (2010). Pursuit of pleasure, engagement, and meaning: Relationships to subjective and objective measures of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 253-263.
Seligman, M. E., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford review of education, 35(3), 293-311. ‏
Silverman, P. R. (2004). Widow to widow: How the bereaved help one another. Routledge.
US Census Bureau (Ed.). (2021). Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2021: The National Data Book (No. 138). Last Revised: November 30, 2021.
United Nations (2022). Invisible Women, Invisible Problems. Retrieved April 2022.
Vig, P. S., Lim, J. Y., Lee, R. W. L., Huang, H., Tan, X. H., Lim, W. Q., ... & Krishna, L. K. R. (2021). Parental bereavement–impact of death of neonates and children under 12 years on personhood of parents: a systematic scoping review. BMC palliative care, 20(1), 1-17.
Vinney, C. (2020). What's the difference between eudaimonic and hedonic happiness. Thought Co., Retrived from: https://www. thoughtco. com/eudaimonic-and-hedonic-happiness-4783750.