Differences in perceived stigma according to the type and level of education among mothers of mentally handicapped children

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

قسم الصحة النفسية، كلية التربية بنين بالقاهرة، جامعة الأزهر، مصر

Abstract

The current research aimed to identify the differences in the overall degree of perceived stigma according to gender (males - females) and the level of education (low - medium - high), The research sample consisted of (215) mothers of mentally handicapped children in Cairo and Giza governorates within the Arab Republic of Egypt,  those aged between (22-62) years, with an average age of (38.809), and a standard deviation of (8.357), the scale of perceived stigma was applied to them (prepared by Mak & Cheung, 2008) translated by the researcher, the results found that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of male and female mothers in the total score of perceived stigma in favor of female mothers, and there were differences between the average scores of mothers of mentally handicapped children in the total score of perceived stigma in favor of low education  

Keywords


AhmedAbdul-MalikAhmed (2020). Self-Stigma as a Predictor of Cognitive Distortions and Emotional Regulation Difficult Among physically    Handicapped. Educational Journal, Sohag University, Vol. (72), 125-191. 
Ahmed Mukhtar Omar (2008). Contemporary Arabic Dictionary. Cairo. book world.
Amani Jalal Morsi (2018). Verifying the imitation strategy in improving the condition of children with autism disorder and its impact on social stigma. Educational Sciences, Cairo University - Graduate School of Education, 4, (26), 322-360.
Jamal Muhammad al-Khatib, Jamil al-Smadi, Farouk al-Rousan, Mona al-Hadidi, Khawla Yahya, Mayada al-Natour, Ibrahim al-Zureikat, Musa al-Amayreh, Nadia al-Surour (2013). Introduction to the Education of Students with Special Needs, 6th Edition, Amman, Dar Al-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution.
Hamdi Mohamed Yassin (2016). Developing Self-Esteem And Reducing Symptoms Of Self-Stigma In A Sample Of Hearing-Impaired. Arab Studies Journal, Egyptian Psychologists Association, p. 22, (15), 223-252.
Rehab El-Sayed El-Sawy (2015). The effectiveness of a counseling program to reduce some behavioral disorders among the Abused, Educable Mentally Handicapped Childre. Journal of Childhood and Education, 24, (7), 377- 462.
Suhair Ibrahim Abd Mihoub (2022). Mindfulness and its Relationship to the Perceived Social Stigma as Predictors of Psychological Resilience among Mothers of Children with Disabilities in the Light of some Demographic Variables Journal of Studies in Childhood and Education, Assiut University - Faculty of Early Childhood Education, 18, 211-208.
 
 
Suhair Abdullah Salman (2018). Emotional intelligence and its relationship to social stigma and problem solving among young people with motor disabilities in the Gaza Strip - Master's thesis - The Islamic University.
Sayed Garhi El-Sayed (2018). Perceived stigma in relation to both depression and social support for mothers of children with mild disabilities. Cairo, Association of Psychologists, Psychological Studies, 28 (3), 599-555.
Omar Mustafa Al-Shawashra (2019). The relationship between social stigma and family adjustment in families of Down Syndrome Children’s, International Journal of Research in Education and Psychology. University of Bahrain - Scientific Publishing Center, 1, (7), 9-29.
Ghada Abdel Aal Ahmed (2021). The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Reduce Social Stigma among Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome. Journal of Studies in Social Work, Helwan University - Faculty of Social Work, 3, (55), 719-758.
Farouk Farea Al-Rousan (2005). Introduction to Mental Disability, 3rd Edition, Amman, Dar Al-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution.
Fikri Latif Metwally (2015). Mental Disability - Introduction - Explanatory Theories - Care Methods, Riyadh, Al Rushd Library.
Fikri Latif Metwally (2020). The Effectiveness of A Selective Counseling Program in Improving the Attitude Towards Life and Its Impact on Reducing the Sense of Social Stigma Among Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome. Journal of Special Education, Zagazig University – College of Disability and Rehabilitation Sciences, 31, 172-224.
Qasami Attia Suleiman (2021). A behavioral counseling program to reduce social stigma for families of the mentally handicapped in Libya, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Mansoura. Mansoura University, 116, (2), 749- 824.
Magda Bahaa El Din Obaid (2007). Mental disability, 2nd edition, Amman, Dar Safaa for publication and distribution.
Muhammad Shaban Ahmed, Enas Sayed Gohar (2021). Structural model of the relationship between cognitive biases, social stigma, and quality of family life in a sample of mothers of children with developmental disabilities, Fayoum University Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences. Fayoum University - College of Education, 15, (14), 762-845.
Muhammad Atef Ghaith (1995). Sociology Dictionary. Alexandria. University Knowledge House.
Mustafa Nuri al-Qamish (2011). Mental disability theory and practice, Amman, Dar Al Maysara for publication and distribution.
Mona Mohamed Ibrahim (2014). A study of mental disability in childhood and the problems of mentally handicapped children and their families in Port Said Governorate. Journal of Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, (52), 279-309.
Najwa Faisal Ibrahim (2022). Obstacles to professional intervention in alleviating the sense of self-stigma of the hearing impaired groups and proposals to overcome them. Journal of the Faculty of Social Work for Social Studies and Research, Fayoum University, (26), 402-444.
Nawal Ahmed Abu El-Ela (2022). Psychological immunity and its relationship to feelings of stigma among mothers of children with hearing disabilities. Amman Arab University Journal for Research, Educational and Psychological Research Series, Amman Arab University, Deanship of Scientific Research and Graduate Studies, 1, (7), 522-540.
Heba El-Sayed Abdel Azim, and Hamdi Mohamed Yassin (2018). Determinants of family stigma as perceived by mothers of children with Down syndrome. Journal of Scientific Research in Education, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, 6 (19), 439-467.
Huda Jamal Muhammad (2020). The relationship between psychological immunity and a sense of stigma in a sample of mothers of children with mild mental disabilities. Journal of Scientific Research in Arts, Ain Shams University - Girls College of Arts, Sciences and Education, 21, (4), 229-270.
Hayam Saber Shaheen (2014). The constructivist model of the relationship of subjective well-being to perceived stigma and sense of humor among mothers of autistic children. Education Journal, 3, (158), 11-54.
ثالثًا: المراجع الأجنبية:
Edwardraj, S., Mumtaj, K., Prasad, J. H., Kuruvilla, A., & Jacob, K. S. (2010). Perceptions about intellectual disability: a qualitative study from Vellore, South India. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(8), 736-748.‏
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma. Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon and Shuster
Hailemariam, K. W. (2015). The psychological distress, subjective burden and affiliate stigma among caregivers of people with mental illness in Amanuel Specialized Mental Hospital. Am J Appl Psychol, 4(2), 35-49.‏
Hallahan, D. P., & Kauffman, J. M. (2006). Exeptional Learners:       Introduction to special education . Boston, Pearso Education.‏
Jahoda, A., & Markova, I. (2004). Coping with social stigma: People with intellectual disabilities moving from institutions and family home. Journal of intellectual disability research48(8), 719-729.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual review of Sociology, 27(1), 363-385.‏
Lopes, P. (2006). Culture and stigma: Popular culture and the case of comic books. In Sociological Forum (Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 387-414). Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers.‏
Mourya, R. K., Singh, R. N., & Rai, A. (2016). Stigma in the Social Life among Mothers Having Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Challenges and Suggestions. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 3, Issue 3, No. 11, 81.‏
Pingani, L., Catellani, S., Del Vecchio, V., Sampogna, G., Ellefson, S. E., Rigatelli, M., ... & Corrigan, P. W. (2016). Stigma in the context of schools: Analysis of the phenomenon of stigma in a population of university students. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 1-7.
Sarkar, A. (2010). Stigma experienced by parents of adults with intellectual disabilities (Doctoral dissertation).
Susman, J. (1994). Disability, stigma and deviance. Social science & medicine, 38(1), 15-22.‏
Teh, J. L., King, D., Watson, B., & Liu, S. (2014). Self-stigma anticipated stigma, and help-seeking communication in people with mental illness. PORTAL: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 11(1), 1-18.
Werner, S., & Shulman, C. (2015). Does type of disability make a difference in affiliate stigma among family caregivers of individuals with autism, intellectual disability or physical disability?. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(3), 272-283.
 
Zhou, T., Wang, Y., & Yi, C. (2018). Affiliate stigma and depression in caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in China: Effects of self-esteem, shame and family functioning. Psychiatry Research, 264, 260-265.‏