Modeling the Relationships between Entrepreneurial Thinking and Harmonious and Obsessive Academic Passion among General Diploma Students in Education

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Lecturer of Educational Psychology and Statistics. Faculty of Education (for Boys in Cairo), Al-Azhar University.

10.21608/jsrep.2025.429886

Abstract

The research aimed to identify the existence of fit indicators for a path analysis model between entrepreneurial thinking and harmonious and obsessive academic passion, to reveal the direct effects between entrepreneurial thinking and both harmonious and obsessive academic passion, and to identify the similarity of the path analysis model between males and females, and between scientific and literary specializations. The study included 2,620 participants enrolled in the one-year General Diploma in Education program, consisting of 1,048 males and 1,572 females, with 1,111 from scientific major and 1,509 from literary major. The research instruments included the Entrepreneurial Thinking Scale and the Academic Passion Scale. Path analysis was utilized to verify the model using the AMOS 23 statistical program. The research results revealed acceptable fit indicators for the path analysis model of entrepreneurial thinking and harmonious and obsessive academic passion, and the existence of statistically significant positive direct effects of entrepreneurial thinking on harmonious academic passion. Moreover, the results showed statistically significant negative direct effects of entrepreneurial thinking on obsessive academic passion, and similarity in the path analysis model between males and females in structural weights, structural covariances, and structural residuals, as well as similarity in the path analysis model between scientific and literary specializations in structural weights and structural covariances, but differences in structural residuals.                                                                                               

Keywords


Ibrahim, Essam Sayed Ahmed El-Saeed (2015). Entrepreneurial  
     Education: An Approach to Supporting University Students' 
     Orientation Towards Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment. 
     Journal of the Faculty of Education, Port Said, Vol. 18, No. 18, pp. 
     132-177.
Abu Seif, Mahmoud Sayed Ali. (2016). A Proposed Strategy for 
     Entrepreneurship Education in Egyptian Pre-University Education 
     in Light of Some Contemporary Trends. Journal of the Faculty of 
     Education, Al-Azhar University, Vol. 2, No. 167, pp. 11-76.
Abu Shama, Muhammad Rushdi; Mahmoud, Enas Muhammad Abdullah 
     (2023). The Interactive Contribution of the Inquiry Model 
     Periodicality and Mental Strength in Developing Generative 
     Thinking and Academic Passion for Learning Physics among 
     Secondary School Students. Journal of the Faculty of Education, 
     Mansoura, Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 12–99.
Al-Basir, Najia Rahoma Salem; Suleiman, Sanaa Mohammed; and 
     Abdel-Zaher, Manal Mahmoud Ismail (2018). The effectiveness of 
     a program to develop some positive thinking skills among 
     university students as an approach to improving love and 
     belonging. Journal of Scientific Research in Education, Ain Shams 
     University, Vol. 6, No. 19, 33-60.
Jassim, Arshad Abdul Amir (2018). The Role of Leadership and 
     Entrepreneurial Thinking in Enhancing the Quality of Banking 
     Services: A Survey Study on a Sample of Iraqi Private Sector Bank 
     Officials in Najaf Governorate. Kufa Journal of Literature, Vol. 
     10, No. 36, pp. 293-338.
Al-Jarrah, Abdul Nasser; and Al-Rabi', Faisal (2020). Academic passion 
     and its relationship to academic burnout among Yarmouk 
     University students. Jordanian Journal of Educational Sciences, 
     Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 519-539.
Grace, Hanaa Abdel Sayed Habib; Shaeer, Ibrahim Mohamed; and Gad 
     El-Mawla, Iman Mohamed (2021). Using the Service Learning 
     Approach in Teaching Science to Develop Some Thinking and 
     Entrepreneurial Skills among Preparatory School Students. Journal 
     of the Faculty of Education, Mansoura, Vol. 3, No. 116, pp. 
     1298-1336.
Al-Jufailiyah, Enas bint Rashid bin Salem; and Shahat, Muhammad Ali 
     Ahmad (2023). The reality of science projects in developing 
     entrepreneurship skills among second-cycle students from the 
     teachers’ perspective. Journal of Educational Sciences, Amman, 
     Issue 21, pp. 61-91.
Al-Harthi, Abdullah bin Awad (2015). Passion and its relationship to 
     happiness among high school students in the city of Makkah Al-
     Mukarramah. Unpublished master's thesis, College of Education, 
     Umm Al-Qura University.
Hasban, Tamara Qasim Muhammad; and Al-Rabi', Faisal Khalil Saleh 
     (2021). The impact of academic competence, academic adjustment, 
     and the learning style through academic passion. Unpublished 
     doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Education, Yarmouk University, 
     Jordan.
Hassan, Ezzat (2008). Advanced Statistics for Educational, Psychological 
     and Social Sciences Applications Using LISREL 8.8. Banha: Dar 
     Al-Mustafa for Printing and Translation.
Kharboutli, Amer (2018). Entrepreneurship and Management of Small 
     and Medium Enterprises. Publications of the Syrian Virtual 
     University, Syrian Arab Republic.
Raqban, Naama Mustafa (2018). A training proposal to qualify university 
     girls for entrepreneurship and prepare them for future career 
     planning. The First International Conference on Quality Education 
     and Entrepreneurship, Quality Assurance Center, September 9–10, 
     Menoufia University.
Al-Zubair, Alawiya; and Abu Daif, Salwa (2018). The Role of Enhancing 
     Entrepreneurial Skills of Female Students at Imam Muhammad ibn 
     Saud Islamic University in Supporting Small Projects: An Applied 
     Study at the Employment and Entrepreneurial Business Center. 
     The American Arab Academy for Science and Technology, Vol. 9, 
     No. 30, pp. 45-64.
Salem, Hiam Mustafa Abdullah; and Al-Shaer, Manal Fathy Mohamed 
     (2017). A proposed vision for including entrepreneurship in the 
     arts curriculum to develop entrepreneurial thinking skills to 
     produce a micro-project among home economics students. Journal 
     of the Faculty of Education, Menoufia University, Vol. 32, No. 4, 
     85-121.
Al-Sakarna, Bilal Khalaf (2010). Leadership and Management of 
     Business Organizations. Amman, Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing, 
     Distribution and Printing.
Sultan, Saadia Muhammad Shaher Sultan (2016). The Level of 
     Availability of Entrepreneurial Characteristics and Its Relationship 
     to Some Personal Variables - An Applied Study on Bachelor's 
     Students Majoring in Business Administration at Universities in 
     the Southern West Bank. University Journal of Economic and 
     Administrative Studies, Palestine, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 102-123.
Al-Shuraidah, Muhammad Khalifa Nasser (2019). The Predictive Ability 
     of Metacognitive Thinking on Entrepreneurship Skills among 
     Graduate Students. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities 
     for Education and Psychology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 141-172.
Al-Shuaibi, Shamsa bint Ali bin Saif; Al-Dhafri, Saeed bin Sulaiman; and 
     Amara, Ihab Mohammed Najib (2023). Predicting perseverance 
     through cognitive perception anxiety and academic passion among 
     Sultan Qaboos University students. Unpublished master's thesis, 
     Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat.
Al-Shorbagy, Abu Al-Majd Ibrahim; Zayed, Ayatollah Nabil 
     Muhammad; Salem, Hanem Ahmad Ahmad; and Kharboush, 
     Wissam Muhammad Judeh (2023). Academic Passion and Mental 
     Alertness among General Diploma Students at the Faculty of 
     Education, Zagazig University: A Predictive Study. Journal of 
     Educational and Psychological Studies, Zagazig, Issue 127, 
      303-366.
Al-Sheikh, Ahmed Ayoub Abdullah (2020). The degree of practice of 
     entrepreneurial skills by government secondary school principals 
     in the Gaza Strip and its relationship to logical excellence. 
     Unpublished master's thesis, Al-Aqsa University, Gaza.
Al-Suwaie, Hind Khalifa Salem (2017). The Reality of Entrepreneurial 
     Thinking among Employees of the Bank of Commerce and 
     Development in Benghazi (A Case Study of the Bank of 
     Commerce and Development in Benghazi). A paper presented at 
     the First Conference on Entrepreneurship in Libya: Reality and 
     Hope, held in Sousse from November 11-13.
Al-Tarawneh, Fidaa Madallah; and Al-Momani, Abdul Latif Abdul 
     Karim Muhammad (2023). Academic passion and its relationship 
     to school engagement and mental alertness. Unpublished doctoral 
     dissertation, Yarmouk University, Irbid.
Amer, Abdel Nasser El-Sayed (2018). Structural Equation Modeling for 
     Psychological and Social Sciences: Foundations, Applications, and 
     Issues. Naif University Press.
Abdul Aziz, Amal Anwar (2021). The Effectiveness of a Training 
     Program Based on Entrepreneurial Education Skills in Improving 
     Strategic Thinking, Decision-Making, and Entrepreneurial 
     Orientation among a Sample of College of Education Students. 
     Journal of Research in Education and Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 2, 
     pp. 281–344.
Abdel Fattah, Sally Kamal Ibrahim (2023). A proposed enrichment 
     program in science based on the competencies of future professions 
     to develop entrepreneurial thinking skills and academic ambition 
     among middle school students. Journal of the Faculty of 
     Education, Benha, Vol. 34, No. 133, pp. 242-288.
Abdul Latif, Osama Jibril Ahmed (2020). A STEM-based activity 
     program to develop entrepreneurship skills, career interests, and 
     understanding of scientific principles among middle school 
     students. Journal of Scientific Research in Education, Issue 21, 
     Vol. 6, pp. 348-395.
Abdel Latif, Imad Abdel Latif Mahmoud (2017). Entrepreneurial 
     education and its requirements in university education in light of 
     the knowledge economy from the perspective of faculty members 
     at Sohag University. Journal of Studies in University Education, 
     Issue 37, pp. 182-323.
Abdel-Wahab, Iman Jumaa Mohamed (2018). Paths of Transformation in 
     Egyptian Higher Education InstitutionsTowards the 
     Entrepreneurial University Model. "A Prospective Study." Journal 
     of the Faculty of Education, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 735-875.
Obaid, Shaher Mohammed (2016). Creativity and Entrepreneurship in 
     Industrial Institutions. International Scientific Conference on 
     "Creativity and Innovation in Business Organizations," Jordan, 
     Center for Research and Development of Human Resources, May.
Al-Otaibi, Nour Abdul Hadi (2016). An evaluative study of the 
     Entrepreneurship Education Project from an Islamic Educational 
     Perspective. Unpublished master's thesis, Umm Al-Qura 
     University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia.
Al-Essa, Manal Abdel Aziz Othman; and Al-Hajri, Iman Fahd Nasser 
     (2023). The Effectiveness of a Proposed Program Based on 
     Creative Problem Solving in Developing Future Entrepreneurial 
     Skills among Female Home Economics Students in the State of 
     Kuwait. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Kafr El-Sheikh 
     University, Vol. 108, No. 1, pp. 175–206.
Al-Ghafri, Hashel bin Saad bin Surur; Mukhtar, Ihab Ahmed 
     Mohammed; Al-Zaki, Abdul-Jawad Mohammed Abdul-Hamid; 
     Al-Fazari, Sultan bin Saeed bin Mohammed; and Ibrahim, Asmaa 
     Abdul-Khaleq Kamil. (2024). The impact of academic qualification 
     and professional ambition on job satisfaction among Omani 
     teachers and on entrepreneurial thinking and competitive 
     performance among their students. Journal of the College of 
     Education, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1-96.
Ghanem, Hajjaj (2013). Factor Analysis: Theory and Practice in the 
     Humanities and Education. Cairo: Ilm Al-Kutub.
Ghanem, Tafeeda Sayed Ahmed; Ahmed, Mervat Rashad; and Hasnouna 
     (2016). A Proposed Vision for Integrating Student Activity 
     Projects Based on Local Community Development and Their Role 
     in Developing Entrepreneurial Thinking among Students in 
     Schools and Universities. A working paper presented at the First 
     Student Conference of the Faculty of Arts, Beni Suef University, 
     "Student Activities and Their Role in Developing Creativity and 
     Entrepreneurial Thinking," March 27.
Faris, Amjad Kazim (2021). Academic Passion and Its Relationship to 
     Cognitive Integration among University Students. Nasq Journal, 
     Iraqi Society for Educational and Psychological Studies, Vol. 1, 
     No. 30, pp. 428–452.
Farhat, Ramadan El-Sayed; and Zewail, Mohamed Gamal El-Din Ibrahim 
     (2022). Modeling the relationship between wisdom, psychological 
     capital, and passion for work among special needs teachers. 
     Journal of the Faculty of Education in Psychological Sciences, 
     Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 233–385.
Fouad, Heba Fouad Sayed (2023). An Industrial Chemistry Program 
     Based on Entrepreneurial Education Trends to Develop Strategic 
     Thinking and Social Responsibility among Secondary School 
     Students. Journal of the Faculty of Education in Educational 
     Sciences, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 271–349.
Qatami, Yousef; and Al-Shadiqat, Riyadh (2009). Creative Thinking 
     Questions. An Applied Program, Al-Masirah Publishing House, 
     Amman.
Metwally, Shaimaa Bahig Mahmoud Mohamed; and Al-Lawzi, Arzaq 
     Mohamed Attia (2020). An enrichment training program based on 
     serious creativity strategies to develop entrepreneurial thinking that 
     stimulates creative energies and positive psychological capital 
     among home economics students in light of future labor market 
     requirements. Journal of Educational Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 
     255–307.
Moharam, Amal Obaid Mustafa Muhammad (2015). Dimensions of 
     positive thinking and its relationship to aspects of achievement 
     motivation among kindergarten teachers in light of the experience 
     variable. Childhood and Education Journal, Vol. 7, No. 22, pp. 
     229-332.
Mohamed, Hanan Fawzy Taha; and Hassan, Amani Abdel Moneim 
     Mohamed. (2024). The Effectiveness of a Proposed Program Based 
     on the Theory of Successful Intelligence in Developing 
     Entrepreneurial Thinking and Future Problem-Solving Skills 
     among Students in the Department of Biological and Geological 
     Sciences at the Faculty of Education. Journal of Educational 
     Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 701-781.
Mohamed, Abeer Abdel Samad Bayoumi (2022). The Effect of a 
     Training Program Based on the Integrated STEM Approach on 
     Developing Entrepreneurial Thinking and Scientific Culture among 
     Student Teachers in the Kindergarten Department at the Faculty of 
     Education. Journal of Childhood and Education, Vol. 14, No. 52, 
     pp. 211-274.
Mohamed, Naira Nasr Mabrouk; Nouir, Maha Fatah Allah Badir; and Al-
     Lawzi, Arzaq Muhammad Attia. (2024). The Effectiveness of a 
     Proposed Program in Home Economics Based on the Thinking 
     Studio Strategy to Develop Scientific Achievement and Academic 
     Passion among Preparatory School Girls in Light of Climate 
     Change. Journal of Reading and Knowledge, Vol. 275, 125-197.
Mukhtar, Duaa Shehata Fawzy; El-Gamal, Ali Ahmed Ali; Ibrahim, Ali 
     Mohamed, and Abu El-Maati (2022). The Effectiveness of a 
     Proposed Small Project-Based Program in Social Studies to 
     Develop Entrepreneurship Skills for Preparatory Stage Students. 
     Journal of the Educational Association for Social Studies, Issue 
     137, pp. 501–541.
Al-Marri, Yasser Salem (2013). Small and Medium Enterprises and Their 
     Role in Reducing Unemployment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: 
     A Comparative Analytical Study. Unpublished PhD Thesis, College 
     of Graduate Studies, Naif Arab Security University, Kingdom of 
     Saudi Arabia.
Al-Mutairi, Safaa (2019). Entrepreneurial Learning. Arab Planning 
     Institute, a periodical series on development issues in Arab 
     countries, Issue 149, Kuwait.
Maamouri, Abdullah; Dahmani, Aziz; Bin Abdulaziz, Sufyan (2019). The 
     Impact of Entrepreneurial Thinking on Improving Service Quality: 
     A Case Study of Mobilis Bchar, Al-Bishara Economic Journal, 
     Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 440-461.
Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (2014). 
     Preparing Arab Youth for the Labor Market. A Strategy for 
     Integrating Entrepreneurship and (21st) Century Skills into the 
     Arab Education Sector, Republic of Tunisia: Arab Program for 
     Improving the Quality of Education.
Al-Najjar, Alaa El-Din El-Saeed Abdel-Gawad; Al-Najjar, Hosni Zakaria 
     El-Sayed; and Abbas, Reham Mohamed Mohamed (2024). 
     Academic Passion and Its Relationship to Stress Coping Strategies 
     among University Students. Journal of the Faculty of Education, 
     Issue 115, pp. 157–182.
Al-Najjar, Fayez; and Ali, Abdul Sattar (2006). Entrepreneurship and 
     Small Business Management. Dar Al-Hamed for Publishing and 
     Distribution, Jordan, Amman.
Yassin, Murad Ahmed Khalaf (2021). The Effect of the Power of 
     Thinking Strategy on Achievement and Development of Academic 
     Passion among Fifth-Year Literature Students in History. Basra 
     Journal of Humanities Research, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 42-63.

ثالثًا: المراجع الاجنبية:
Al-Jarrah, A., & Alrabee, F. (2020). Academic Passion and Its 
     Relationship to Academic‎ Burnout among Yarmouk University Students. Jordan Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(4), 519-539.‏
Baird, L. (2005). Change and connections: Passion and organizational 
     change.‏
Bany, B. M. (2024). Entrepreneurial thinking practices and their impact on reducing organizational aging: An analytical survey in the men's 
     clothing factory in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Province. International 
     Journal of Advancement of Social Science and Humanity, 17, 
     19-30.‏
Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial 
     traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal 
     of applied psychology, 89(4), 587.‏
Belanger, C., & Ratelle, C. (2020). Passion in University: The role of the 
     dualistic model of passion in explaining students’ academic 
     functioning. Journal of Happiness Studies,4(6), 1-20.
Birkeland, I. K., & Buch, R. (2015). The dualistic model of passion for 
     work: Discriminate and predictive validity with work engagement 
     and workaholism. Motivation and Emotion, 39(3), 392-408.‏
Bokhari, I. H., Zakarias, N., & Muhammad, A. B. (2022). Survival of the 
     fittest during pandemics: The role of market orientation, 
     entrepreneurial thinking, strategic flexibility and supply chain 
     integration. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences 
     (PJCSS), 16(2), 299-316.
‏Bonneville-Roussy, A., Vallerand, R. J., & Bouffard, T. (2013). The roles 
     of autonomy support and harmonious and obsessive passions in 
     educational persistence. Learning and Individual Differences, 
     24, 22-31.‏
Carbonneau, N., Vallerand, R. J., Fernet, C., & Guay, F. (2008). The role 
     of passion for teaching in intrapersonal and interpersonal 
     outcomes. Journal of educational psychology, 100(4), 977.‏
Cardon, M. S. (2008). Is passion contagious? The transference of 
     entrepreneurial passion to employees. Human resource 
     management review, 18(2), 77-86.‏
Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature 
     and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of 
     management Review, 34(3), 511-532.‏
Cardon, M. S., Zietsma, C., Saparito, P., Matherne, B. P., & Davis, C. 
     (2005). A tale of passion: New insights into entrepreneurship from 
     a parenthood metaphor. Journal of business venturing, 
     20(1), 23-45.‏
Castillo, I., Álvarez, O., Esteva, I., Queralt, A., & Molina-García, J. 
     (2017). Passion for teaching, transformational leadership and 
     burnout among physical education teachers. Revista de psicología 
     del deporte, 26(3), 57-61.‏
Clausen, T. H. (2020). Entrepreneurial thinking and action in opportunity 
     development: A conceptual process model. International Small 
     Business Journal, 38(1), 21-40.‏
Coleman, L. J., & Guo, A. (2013). Exploring children’s passion for 
     learning in six domains. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 
     36(2), 155-175.‏
Crosswell, L., & Elliott, R. (2004). Committed Teachers, Passionate 
     Teachers: the dimension of passion associated with teacher 
     commitment and engagement. In AARE Conference 2004 
     (pp. 1-12). Australian Association for Research in Education.‏
Curran, T., Hill, A. P., Appleton, P. R., Vallerand, R. J., & Standage, M. 
     (2015). The psychology of passion: A meta-analytical review of a 
     decade of research on intrapersonal outcomes. Motivation and 
     Emotion, 39, 631-655.‏
Day, C. (2004). A Passion for Teaching. London: Routledge Falmer
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal 
     pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior.  
     Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.‏
Dhliwayo, S., & Van Vuuren, J. J. (2007). The strategic entrepreneurial 
     thinking imperative. Acta Commercii, 7(1), 123-134.‏
Elliott, B., & Crosswell, L. (2001, September). Commitment to teaching: 
     Australian perspectives on the interplays of the professional and 
     the personal in teachers’ lives. In International Symposium on 
     Teacher Commitment at the European Conference on Educational 
     Research, Lille, France.‏
Forest, J., Mageau, G. A., Sarrazin, C., & Morin, E. M. (2011). “Work is 
     my passion”: The different affective, behavioural, and cognitive 
     consequences of harmonious and obsessive passion toward work. 
     Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne 
     des Sciences de l'Administration, 28(1), 27-40.‏
Fried, R. L. (1995). The Passionate Teacher: A Practical Guide. Boston, 
     Mass.: Beacon Press.
Frijda, N. H., Mesquita, B., Sonnemans, J., & Van Goozen, S. (1991). 
     The duration of affective phenomena or emotions, sentiments and 
     passions.‏
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. 
     S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions 
     counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-
     and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of 
     emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical 
     psychology review, 30(7), 849-864.‏
Gibson, S. G., Harris, M. L., & Sadighian, F. (2011). Investigating the 
     entrepreneurial attitudes of Armenian immigrants. The Coastal 
     Business Journal, 10(1), 1- 13.‏
Hnátek, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial thinking as a key factor of family 
     business success. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 
     181, 342-348.‏
Hodgins, S., & Knee, R. (2002). The integrating self and conscious 
     experience. Handbook of self-determination research, University of 
     Rochester Press.
Houlfort, N., Koestner, R., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. (2009). 
     Passion at work: A look at psychological adjustment. Manuscript 
     in preparation, École Nationale d’Administration Publique, 
     Montréal, Québec, Canada.‏
Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Sirmon, D. G. (2003). A model of strategic 
     entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions. Journal of 
     management, 29(6), 963-989.‏
Juliet ,O., Samuel, A., & Gaddafi, M, (2024). ENTREPRENEURIAL 
     THINKING. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA,  
     by NOUN Press.
Krishnakumar, S., & Rao, K. S. P. (2011). Learning and development 
     premise in entrepreneurial orientation for employees in an Indian 
     context. African Journal of Business Management, 5(26), 10776.‏
Liston, D. P. (2004). Teaching, learning, and loving: Reclaiming passion 
     in educational practice. Psychology Press.‏
Mageau, G. A., Vallerand, R. J., Rousseau, F. L., Ratelle, C. F., & 
     Provencher, P. J. (2005). Passion and gambling: Investigating the 
     Divergent affective and cognitive consequences of gambling 1. 
     Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 100-118.‏
Massalha, A. E. M., & abd Iktilat, K. (2024). THE RELATIVE 
     CONTRIBUTION OF ACADEMIC PASSION TO ACADEMIC 
     WELL-BEING AMONG NURSING STUDENTS. European 
     Journal of Education Studies, 11(11).‏
Nwewi, H. N., Onwuka, E. M., & Ogbotubo, E. (2017). Entrepreneurial 
     thinking and competitiveness in bakery industry in Delta State of 
     Nigeria. International Journal of Business, Management and 
     Social Research, 4(01), 192-197.‏
Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. 
     (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life 
     satisfaction. The journal of positive psychology, 2(3), 149-156.‏
Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., & Lavigne, G. L. (2009). Passion does 
     make a difference in people's lives: A look at well‐being in 
     passionate and non‐passionate individuals. Applied Psychology: 
     Health and Well‐Being, 1(1), 3-22.‏
Pihie, Z. A. L., Bagheri, A., & Sani, Z. H. A. (2013). Knowledge of 
     cognition and entrepreneurial intentions: Implications for learning 
     entrepreneurship in public and private universities. Procedia-Social 
     and Behavioral Sciences, 97, 174-181.‏
Ruiz-Alfonso, Z., & León, J. (2016). The role of passion in 
     education: A systematic review. Educational Research 
     Review, 19, 173-188.‏
Ruiz-Alfonso, Z., Vega, L. S., & Beltran, E. V. (2018). What about 
     passion in education? The concept of passion, why it is important 
     and how teachers can promote it. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 
     14(1), 19-28.‏
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2023). Acting as one: self-determination 
     theory’s scientific and existential import.‏
Schellenberg, B. J., & Bailis, D. S. (2015). Predicting longitudinal 
     trajectories of academic passion in first-year university students. 
     Learning and Individual Differences, 40, 149-155.‏
Schellenberg, B. J., Gaudreau, P., & Crocker, P. R. (2013). Passion and 
     coping: Relationships with changes in burnout and goal attainment 
     in collegiate volleyball players. Journal of Sport and Exercise 
     Psychology, 35(3), 270-280.‏
Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T., Houser‐Marko, L., Jones, T., & Turban, D. 
     (2005). Doing one's duty: chronological age, felt autonomy, and 
     subjective well‐being. European Journal of Personality, 19(2), 
     97-115.‏
Shepherd, D. A., Williams, T. A., & Patzelt, H. (2015). Thinking about 
     entrepreneurial decision making: Review and research agenda. 
     Journal of management, 41(1), 11-46.‏
Sigmundsson, H., Haga, M., & Hermundsdottir, F. (2020). The passion 
     scale: Aspects of reliability and validity of a new 8-item scale 
     assessing passion. New ideas in psychology, 56, 100745.‏
Tajpour, M., Hosseini, E., Ratten, V., Bahman-Zangi, B., & Soleymanian, 
     S. M. (2023). The role of entrepreneurial thinking mediated by 
     social media on the sustainability of small and medium-sized 
     enterprises in Iran. Sustainability, 15(5), 4518.‏
Vallerand, R. J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: In search of what 
     makes people's lives most worth living. Canadian 
     Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 1.‏
Vallerand, R. J. (2010). On passion for life activities: The dualistic model 
     of passion. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 
     42, pp. 97-193). Academic Press.‏
Vallerand, R. J., & Houlfort, N. (2003). Passion at work: Toward a new 
     conceptualization. Emerging perspectives on values in 
     organizations, 3, 175-204.‏
Vallerand, R. J., & Houlfort, N. (Eds.). (2019). Passion for work: Theory, 
     research, and applications. Oxford University Press.‏
Vallerand, R. J., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G. A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C., 
     Léonard, M., ... & Marsolais, J. (2003). Les passions de l'ame: on 
     obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of personality and 
     social psychology, 85(4), 756.‏
Vanichvatana, S. (2023). Passion to Learn Well With Reflections of 
     CGPA and Course Levels: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Higher 
     Education Theory & Practice, 23(16).‏
Willenham, D. T. (2009). Why Don't Students Like School?-Because the 
     Mind is Not  Desiged for Thinking. American Educator, 33(1), 4.‏
Zhao, H., Liu, X., & Qi, C. (2021). “Want to learn” and “can learn”: 
     influence of academic passion on college students' academic 
     engagement. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 697822.‏
Zhao, Y., St-Louis, A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2015). On the validation of the 
     passion scale in Chinese. Psychology of Well-being, 5, 1-11.‏