Developing Al-Azhar University Based on the Experiences of Some Countrie and International Experiments in Internationalization of Higher Education

Selim, Hassan Mukhtar Hussein; Metwaily, El-Tohamy Mohammed Ibrahim; Ibrahim, Mahmoud Mohamed Said

doi:10.21608/jsrep.2022.315927

Developing Al-Azhar University Based on the Experiences of Some Countrie and International Experiments in Internationalization of Higher Education

Authors

Administration، Planning and Comparative Studies, Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University

10.21608/jsrep.2022.315927

Abstract

The research aimed at developing a proposed perspective for developing Al-Azhar University based on the experiences of some countries and international Experiments in the internationalization of education. To achieve this objective، the research used a descriptive approach to monitor the status quo of Al-Azhar University، as well as the theoretical foundations for the internationalization of education، and the experiences of some countries and international experiences in this field. After analyzing the conceptual framework of the research، the proposed perspective was developed، explaining the objectives of the perspective, its components, the requirements for its implementation, the obstacles that may encounter its application.

Keywords

References

Abd al-Rahim, Wafa Jamal Alam al-Din (2022): A proposed vision for the development of organizational learning at Al-Azhar University in light of the dimensions of organizational leadership, (PhD thesis, unpublished), Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Education.
Abdel Aal, Antar Mohamed Ahmed. (2018). The internationalization of higher education in South Korea and Japan and the extent to which Egyptian universities can benefit from it. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 34 (12, 1-56.
Abdel Hafez, Iman Eid. (2022). Obstacles to the internationalization of university education and ways to overcome them. University Performance Development Journal, Mansoura University - University Performance Development Center 19 (1), 3 – 17
Abdel Hafez, Tharwat Abdel Hamid (2016): Recent trends in the internationalization of university education and the possibility of benefiting from it in Egypt, Journal of the College of Education, Al-Azhar University, (167) Part 1.
Abdel Hamid, Asmaa Abdel Fattah Nasr. (2021). A proposed vision to achieve the competitive advantage of Al-Azhar University in the light of the concept of strategic vigilance. Educational Journal, Faculty of Education - Sohag University, (83), 901-953
Abdel Qader, Maha Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed. (2016). The internationalization of Al-Azhar university education in the light of the knowledge-based economy from the point of view of faculty members. King Khalid University Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 87-110.
Abdel Qader, Maha Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed. (2019). Requirements for activating the competitiveness of Al-Azhar University in the light of the philosophy of pioneering education. Education Journal, 3 (184), 1293-1382.
Abdel-Motagly, Mohamed Ali Mohamed, Nasr, Mohamed Youssef Morsi, and Ahmed, Mahmoud Mostafa Ahmed. (2022). The reality of the research partnership at Al-Azhar University: a field study. Education Journal, Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University, 4 (194), 455-491.
Abdul Hafez, Tharwat Abdel Hamid. (2016). Recent trends in the internationalization of university education and the possibility of benefiting from it in Egypt. Journal of Education, Al-Azhar University, 1 (167), 11-104.
Abdul Mutajli, Muhammad Ali Muhammad. (2021) A proposed strategy for the research partnership at Al-Azhar University in light of the experiences of some foreign universities, an unpublished doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Education - Al-Azhar University.
Abdul Rahman, Shaimaa Muhammad Tawfiq (2018). A proposed vision for the application of human talent management at Al-Azhar University in the light of the experiences of some foreign universities, master's thesis, unpublished, College of Human Studies for Girls in Cairo, Al-Azhar University.
Abdullah, Hayat Abdullah Hassan (2021): A proposed strategy to develop the organizational structure of Al-Azhar University in the light of contemporary administrative thought, (PhD thesis, unpublished), Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Education.
Abu Al-Nasr, Hassan Mohamed Hassan (2018). Obstacles to organizational change in the Faculties of Education, Al-Azhar University from the point of view of faculty members, (master's thesis, unpublished), Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Education for Boys, Cairo.
Abu Al-Wafa, Jamal Muhammad, Hussein, and Salama Abdel-Azim (2008): International Education and the Universality of Education, New University House.
Abu Amma, Abdul Rahman Muhammad (2010): The European System in Higher Education and the Bologna Project, Center for Research and Studies in Higher Education, Series of Publications of the Center for Research and Studies, (10), King Fahd National Library.
Ahmed, Ahmed Ibrahim. (2011). Contemporary trends in organizational development in schools (administrative engineering - management by objectives - total quality management), Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
Ahmed, Mohamed Abdel Raouf Ali. (2015). The historical development of knowledge circulation and the internationalization of universities. Journal of Reading and Knowledge, Faculty of Education - Ain Shams University - Egyptian Society for Reading and Knowledge, (160), 201-222.
Al Azhar university. (2007 AD). Decisions of the University President No. (126) for the year 1998 AD and (127) for the year 1999 AD regarding the components of the organizational structure of the General Secretariat of the University and its two branches for girls and Assiut and its colleges, and determining the terms of reference of the organizational divisions that make up it.
Al Azhar university. (2018 AD). Strategic Plan - Al-Azhar University 2018-2022 AD.
Al Azhar university. (2019 AD) The research plan of Al-Azhar University 2019-2024 AD. Postgraduate studies and research.
Al-Abad, Abdullah (1429 AH). Requirements for applying the academic accreditation system as an entry point for the development of colleges of education in Saudi universities. (PhD thesis, Unpublished), King Saud University, College of Education: Riyadh.
Al-Abad, Abdullah bin Hamad bin Ibrahim. (2017). A proposed model to raise the competitiveness of King Saud University in the light of the standards of international rankings of universities. The Specialized International Educational Journal, 6(3) ,306-327
Al-Ajami, Muhammad (2007): Academic development and preparation for the academic profession between the challenges of globalization and the requirements of internationalization, Mansoura: The Modern Library.
Al-Ajmi, Muhammad Al-Hasanin Abdou. (2003). Academic development and preparation for the academic career in Egyptian universities between the challenges of globalization and the requirements of internationalization. Journal of the College of Education in Mansoura, (52) Part 1, 124-198.
Al-Amiri, Abdullah (2017): Building Academic Partnerships for Educational Postgraduate Programs in Saudi Universities in Light of Higher Education Internationalization Models. A research submitted to the conference “Saudi Universities in Activating Vision 2030”, Qassim University, from January 11-12, 2017.
Al-Amiri, Abdullah bin Muhammad Ali (2013): Requirements for the Internationalization of Higher Education as an Introduction to Achieving Global Leadership for Saudi Universities, “A Proposed Concept,” (PhD Thesis, Unpublished), College of Education, Umm Al-Qura University
Al-Anzi, Saud bin Eid, and Al-Dawish, Abdulaziz bin Suleiman. (2015). Developing the internationalization of Saudi university education in light of the experiences of some countries. Education Journal, Al-Azhar University, (163) Part 2, 519-546.
Al-Aqili, Abdullah bin Salem, Bakri, Ziyadah Saad Al-Hajj (2017): Activating innovation in its technical and social sides in universities towards partnership in achieving Vision 2030 AD, Community Partnership Forum in the field of scientific research “The complementary roles of community institutions to achieve the Kingdom’s vision 2030 AD, Imam Muhammad University Ibn Saud Islamic University, Deanship of Scientific Research, Riyadh.
Al-Ashmawy, Mahmoud Saeed Muhammad Hassan (2019): Developing the management of the Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University in light of the dimensions of competitive advantage,( PhD thesis, unpublished), Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Education.
Al-Asi, Noha (2014): The Bologna Agreement and the possibility of its application in higher education in the Arab world, "a proposed vision", Education Journal, World Council of Comparative Education Societies, Egyptian Society for Comparative Education and Educational Administration, 17 (48), 137-190
Al-Azhar University (2015): University President Decision No. 540 of 5/8/2015 regarding the formation of a committee to amend the university's strategy and develop its operational plan.
Al-Azhar University, International Agreements, Association of African Universities. Retrieved from http://www.azhar.edu.eg
Al-Azhar University, International Student Admission Guide, see: http://www.azhar.edu.eg/International-Students
Al-Azhar University, Office of International Excellence, Retrieved from: http://www.azhar.edu.eg/tico/
Al-Azhar University, Office of International Excellence. Retrieved from: http://www.azhar.edu.eg/ExcellenceOffice
Al-Azhar University, Statistics and Information Center (2019.b). A statement of the total members of the faculty and the supporting staff in the faculties of Al-Azhar University in the academic year 2018/2019
Al-Azhar University, Why the International Excellence Office. Retrieved from: http://www.azhar.edu.eg/ExcellenceOffice
Al-Azhar University: Strategic Plan for Al-Azhar University 2011-2016 AD.
Al-Biz, Jawaher Issa, and Al-Thuwaini, Tariq bin Muhammad. (2021). Developing the internationalization of Saudi public universities: an analytical study. Education Journal, (190) part 1, 447-495.
Al-Buhairi, Mr. Mahmoud. (2015). A proposed strategy for the expansion of Al-Azhar university education in the light of modern university education formulas and local and global variables, Studies, Educational Sciences, Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Jordan, 42 (3).
Al-Daggaj, Aisha Abdel-Fattah Maghawry (2016): A proposed vision for the internationalization of university education in light of the international rankings of universities, Journal of the Faculty of Education, 27 (108) Benha University. 453:540
Al-Dakhil, Taghreed Bint Muhammad (2017): Education, scientific research and entrepreneurship are tributaries of successful national transformations "Singapore as a model", Community Partnership Forum in the field of scientific research "The complementary roles of community institutions to achieve the Kingdom's vision 2030 AD, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, Deanship of Scientific Research , Riyadh.
Al-Faqi, Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad Abdullah. (2017). The Internationalization of Higher Education: An Introduction to Realizing Egypt's Vision in Higher Education 2030. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Faculty of Education - Menoufia University, 32 (4), 62-145
Al-Fawaz, Najwa. (2020). Universities are directed to achieve competitive advantage by relying on the principles of internationalization of higher education in line with the requirements of the objectives of the NEOM project. The Jordanian Journal of Educational Sciences, 16 (4), 399-414
Al-Habashi, Shaima Jabr Abdullah Jabr. (2019). A proposed vision to activate twinning as one of the modes of internationalization of Egyptian university education: an analytical study. Educational and Social Studies, 25 (9), 305-393
Al-Hadi, Muhammad Muhammad. (2007). E-learning via the Internet, the Egyptian Lebanese House, Cairo
Al-Harbi, Nada Moqbel Ayed. (2021). A proposed model for developing the role of academic leaders in the internationalization of scientific research: a field study at King Khalid University. Tabuk University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1 (2), 175-199.
Al-Hout, Muhammad Sabri, Tawfiq, Salah al-Din Muhammad, and Abd al-Muttalib, Ahmed Abed Ibrahim. (2015). competitiveness among universities. Educational Knowledge Journal, Egyptian Association for Fundamentals of Education, (5) 3, 127-157.
Ali, Ali Muhammad Yahya (2019) “Internationalization of University Education Institutions to Ensure the Quality of Educational, Research and Methodological Services in Light of Some Contemporary Global Trends”, (PhD thesis, unpublished), Faculty of Education, Assiut University.
Ali, Ali Muhammad Yahya, Abd al-Tawab, Abd al-Tawab Abd Allah, Muhammad, Ahmed Hassan Abd al-Moati, Morsi, Omar Muhammad Muhammad (2020): Requirements for the Internationalization of Education at Assiut University, Educational Journal for Adult Education, 2 (2), Faculty of Education, Assiut University , 135-155.
Ali, Baghdad Bey, Al-Melody Sahanin (2020): Foreign partnership is a bet of economic institutions to build global strategic alliances. A reading in some of the experiences of Algerian economic institutions, Dafater Economics Magazine,11 (3).
Ali, Muhammad Al-Sayed. (2010). Curriculum development from the perspective of contemporary trend, Alexandria - Horus International Foundation.
Al-Jasser, Ghada bint Abdel-Rahman (2020): Requirements for the internationalization of distance university education from the point of view of faculty members, Journal of the College of Education, Al-Azhar University, (188) Part 1, 258-292.
Al-Kurdi, Ahmed Al-Sayed. (2011). A proposed framework for building and managing strategic alliances to support competitive capabilities in Egyptian universities by applying to Benha University: (Master's thesis, unpublished), Benha University, Faculty of Commerce.
Al-Luhaibi, Mansour bin Hammoud Alian (2017): The future of research partnership between Saudi universities and government institutions in light of the Kingdom's vision 2030 "An exploratory study on universities and government institutions in Madinah, Community Partnership Forum in the field of scientific research" The complementary roles of community institutions to achieve the Kingdom's vision 2030 AD Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, Deanship of Scientific Research, Riyadh.
Al-Mamouri, Ahmed Sami Marhoon, and Al-Musawi, Mohamed Ghaly. (2011). Research partnership between the Iraqi University and companies. Journal of the Forum for Human Studies, The National Forum for Thought and Culture Research ,4(7) 125-143
Al-Otaibi, Taghreed bint Khalid bin Ibrahim. (2020). Requirements for the internationalization of scientific research at Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University in the light of some international experiences and the opinions of the faculty. The Arabian Gulf Message, (158) S41, 35-56. Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Al-Qahtani, Majid bin Abdullah, Al-Attas, Talib bin Saleh (2017): A proposed vision for the internationalization of higher education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the light of Malaysia's experience, (master's thesis, unpublished), College of Education, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Al-Qudah, Abdullah Al-Karim (2015): A suggested vision of the requirements of internationalizing education in Jordanian universities to achieve global competitiveness, (PhD thesis, unpublished) College of Graduate Studies, University of Jordan.
Al-Saleh, Othman bin Abdullah. (2012). The competitiveness of higher education institutions: a proposed framework. Researcher Journal, (10) Kasdi Merbah University Ouargla, 297-310
Al-Sidawi, Ahmed. (1996) Reform trends and orientations in higher education. Arab Journal of Higher Education, Tunisia (2).
Al-Taie, Youssef Hajim Sultan, Ahmed, Ahmed Miri, and Al-Abadi, Hashem Fawzi Dabbas. (2005). The possibility of applying total quality management in university education: an applied study. Al-Ghari Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Kufa. (3), 190 - 222
Al-Tuwaijri, Fatima bint Abdulaziz bin Hamad, Al-Areini, Manal bint Abdulaziz, and Al-Salamah, Mashael bint Abdullah. (2015). Improving the management of research chairs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the light of some Arab and international experiences. Journal of Comparative and International Education, Egyptian Society for Comparative Education and Educational Administration (2), S1, 217-257.
Anderson, Stewart (2013): The importance of international students to the United States, translated by the Saudi Ministry of Higher Education, a report published in the International Monitor Bulletin, 34, Higher Education Observatory, Riyadh
Arab Republic of Egypt, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (2020). Secondary Bulletin of Patents and Trade Relations 2019.
Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Higher Education, Strategic Planning and Policy Support Unit (2015b). Egypt is investing in the future.
Behairy, Noha Eid Nasr (2021): Requirements for the internationalization of education in the faculties of education, an introduction to achieving the professionalism of the teacher, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Mansoura University, (15), 2017-2036.
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. (2016 AD) Annual Bulletin: Delegates abroad on scientific missions during the period (2012-2015).
Childress, Lisa. (2010) University of the Twenty-First Century: Developing the Involvement of Faculty Members in Internationalization, Translated by the Ministry of Education, Education Observatory Journal, Issue 4, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, International Information Network (Internet), browsing date 10/10/2022 AD http: //ohe.gov.sa/Pages/BookletDetails.aspx?IssueID=4&Lang=#tag30
Dahshan, Jamal Ali. (2007). The virtual university is one of the new patterns in university education, a working paper presented to the fourteenth national conference of the University Education Development Center: New horizons in Arab university education, in the period from November 25-26, 2007 AD, Guest House, Ain Shams University, Egypt
Dawood, Al-Sayed Khairy Abdel-Raouf, Nour, Hussein Mohamed Mohamed, and Al-Ajmi, Mohamed Abdel-Salam. (2020). Requirements for achieving excellence in Al-Azhar university education in the light of contemporary trends. Education Journal, College of Education - Al-Azhar University (188), Part 5, 257-294.
Eidaros, Ahmad Najm al-Din Ahmad. (2015). International Partnership Management Mechanisms and their Role in Improving the Levels of International Rankings of Cairo and King Saud Universities. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Benha University ,26(104) 1-94.
El-Naggar, Farid (2008): Contemporary Exporting and Strategic Alliances, University House, Alexandria.
Ferhat Gul (2011). "Global strategic alliances as a tool for competition in the twenty-first century", Journal of Economic Sciences, Management and Trade, University of Algiers (23).
Gamal El-Din, Najwa Youssef. (2019). Internationalization of university education and digital transformation. Education Technology - Studies and Research, p. 41, 531-544
German Educational Summit (1994). Journal of Educational Sciences.1(2): Institute of Educational Studies, Cairo University, September.
Ghabbour, Amani Aisha Abdel-Fattah Maghawry (2016): A proposed vision for the internationalization of education at Mansoura University in the light of contemporary global trends, Journal of the College of Education, 33 (4) part 1, Menoufia University. 73: 135.
Ghanem, Essam Gamal Selim. (2015). Contemporary global trends in the internationalization of higher education: an analytical study. Journal of Educational Sciences, South Valley University - College of Education, Qena (23), 598-642
Hadithi, Ibtisam bint Ibrahim. Ghanem, Essam Gamal Selim (2013). The internationalization of university education institutions, its nature and its entrances, “An analytical reading of some contemporary international experiences and expertise, Journal of the College of Education, Al-Azhar University, (155), Part 2.
Hafez, Muhammad Sabri, Al-Haffar, Muhammad Maher (2020): Activating the role of Al-Azhar University in developing scientific research in the light of community partnership, Sixth Conference at the Faculty of Education for Boys in Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Community Partnership “Studies and Experiences.” Cairo.
Hamed, Ahmed Jaber. (2022). Internationalization of education in Egyptian library and information departments to achieve competitiveness: reality and hope. Scientific Journal of Libraries, Documents and Information, Faculty of Arts - Cairo University, (10) 4, 193-236.
Hassanein, Asma Syed Mohamed. (2018). Scientific publishing at Al-Azhar University and its impact on the university's ranking in international university rankings. International Journal of Library and Information Sciences, Egyptian Association for Libraries, Information and Archives, 5 (3), 315-327.
Helal, Nagy Abdel Wahhab, Nassar, Ali Abdel Raouf Mohamed (2012): The Internationalization of Egyptian Higher Education in Light of the Challenges of Globalization, The Future of Arab Education Journal, The Arab Center for Education and Development, (77).
Herbawi, Fatima Fayez. (2020). Productive Universities: Global and Regional Experiences and Trends: An Analytical Study. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, National Research Center Gaza, 4(46) 177-135.
Howehy, Mohamed Ahmed Gharib Al-Sayed (2020). Some recent trends in the field of management, planning and comparative studies, and their research methodologies: a research paper submitted to the permanent scientific committee for promotions, majoring in management, planning and comparative studies, fundamentals of education, and Islamic education, Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Education.
Ibrahim, Ibrahim Ahmed El-Sayed, and Abdou, Mohamed Ibrahim. (2020). A proposed vision to develop human capital management for faculty members to achieve competitiveness at Al-Azhar University. Educational Sciences, Cairo University - Faculty of Graduate Studies of Education,1 ) 28) – 50.
Ibrahim, Noha Abdel Moneim. (2021). Scientific periodicals at Al-Azhar University in the light of Scopus database standards: an evaluation study. International Journal of Library and Information Sciences, Egyptian Association for Libraries, Information and Archives, 8 (3), 379 - 435.
Information and Statistics Department. (2020 AD). Annual Aggregate Statistical Bulletin 2019/2020, Information and Documentation Center, Al-Azhar University.
Irfan, Khaled Mahmoud, Abdel Hafez, Tharwat Abdel Hamid (2020). A Joint Unit for Community Partnership at Al-Azhar University in the Light of Some Contemporary Directions, Sixth Conference, Faculty of Education for Boys, Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Community Partnership "Studies and Experiences". Cairo.
Ismail, Omar Hashem, Al-Abri, Khalaf bin Marhoon bin Khalaf, and Al-Hinai, Kholoud Muhammad. (2022 of higher educati). Challenges of internationalization on at Sultan Qaboos University. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Education and Psychology, 19 (3),130-177.
Khater, Muhammad Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim. (2015). Internationalization of Education: One of the Entrances to Achieving the Competitive Advantage of Egyptian Universities. Educational and psychological studies, Faculty of Education, Zagazig University (87), 223-278.
King Abdul Aziz University (2013): Towards a Knowledge Society, a series of studies issued by the Center for Strategic Studies, Issue (54) entitled "Assessment of Knowledge-intensive Administrative Procedures and Operations in Higher Education Institutions", Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Knight, Jane. (1433 AH). Scholarships and international student mobility, a working paper published in the Scientific Record of the International Conference on Higher Education in its second session: The Leading Global Universities System, Ministry of Higher Education, Riyadh, 134-141.
Koueider, Manal Noman (2021). The effectiveness of European Union educational programs in developing Palestinian university education - the Erasmus program as a model, International Journal of Quality Assurance, 4(2).
Mahmoud, Youssef Sayed (2008). The Crisis of Arab Universities, Cairo: The Egyptian Lebanese House.
Mansour, Viola Mounir Abdo. (2021). A comparative study of the applications of transnational education in the universities of China and Australia and the possibility of benefiting from them in Egypt. Educational Journal, Faculty of Education - Sohag University, Part 91, 700-803.
Masoud, Badr Hamid Ali (2021): Developing the Institutional Capacity of Al-Azhar University in the Light of Some Contemporary International Models, (PhD Thesis, unpublished), Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Education.
Matar, Muhammad Muhammad Ibrahim. (2021). The internationalization of university education as an entry point to meet the expected jobs of the labor market: a proposed scenario. Educational Journal, Part 83, 1160-1224
Mergash, Samira, Khallouf, Zahra (2010): "Strategic alliances as a necessity for the economic enterprise to face competition in international markets", The Fourth International Forum on: Competition Competitive Strategies for Industrial Enterprises Outside the Hydrocarbon Sector in the Arab Countries, Chlef University, Algeria on November 8-9.
Ministry of Higher Education in Egypt, 2010.
Mohamed, Reda Bakhit Mostafa, (2020): Requirements for empowering Egyptian universities after internationalizing their services to improve their competitiveness, a strategic vision, (PhD thesis, unpublished) Faculty of Education, Sohag University.
Mostafa, Ahmed Sayed. (2003). The competitiveness of Arab university education in the twenty-first century is a call for reflection. Education Journal, Qatar National Committee for Education, Culture and Science (144) S 32, 124-131
Mostafa, Omaima Helmy (2015): The Internationalization of University Education in South Korea and the Possibility of Benefiting from it in Egypt, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Tanta University (60), part 1. 1:117.
Muhammad, Abdel Nasser Muhammad Rashad, Mustafa, Emad Najm Abdel Hakim (2017): Mechanisms for Enhancing International Student Mobility in Higher Education Institutions in Canada and a Comparative Study, Journal of the College of Education, Al-Azhar University, (172) Part 2.
musty, prevalent, zawahra, Sami. (2010). Strategic planning for e-learning according to the Khan pattern: a case study of Al-Quds Open University, research presented to the third international conference and exhibition: the role of e-learning in promoting knowledge societies in the period 6-8/4/2010, E-learning Center, University of Bahrain
Nassif, Muhammad Yahya Hussein Al-Sayed. (2021). Requirements for the internationalization of technical secondary education between Egypt and the Arab countries. World of Education, Arab Foundation for Scientific Consultation and Human Resources Development (72), Part 3, 196-218.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Bank (2010): National Education Policy Reviews, Higher Education in Egypt.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank (2010): Reviews of National Education Policies: Higher Education in Egypt, Paris: FAO.
Qasim, Majdi. Mahmoud, Fatima (2012). The future of quality education "internationalization, entrepreneurship and the path to international quality", Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
Quai, Bouhaniya (2009): Management of Higher Education Institutions in Light of the Knowledge Economy "Contemporary Approaches", United Arab Emirates, Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research.
Ragab, Alaa Awad Helmy (2018): The reality of networking operations in Palestinian universities in Gaza, Faculty of Education , (Master's thesis, unpublished), The Islamic University of Gaza.
Raslan, Ibrahim Abdel-Ghaffar (2017): Developing administrative processes at the Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University, using the statistical quality approach (Six sigma), (master's thesis, unpublished), Faculty of Education - Al-Azhar University
Siddig, Salah Sadeq, Younis, Sayed Shaaban (2014). Quality Issues in a Number of Arab Higher Education Institutions, Al-Azhar University, “A Case Study,” the Lebanese Commission for Educational Sciences. 229-249.
Steiminler, Edward (2002). Knowledge-based economies and their connection to information and communication technology, P. 171.
Syed, Issam Lotfy. (2009). Managing Bank Mergers as a Mechanism to Increase the Competitiveness of Egyptian Banks,( Master's Thesis, unpublished), Cairo University, Faculty of Economics and Political Science.
Taha, Mahmoud (2000): The trend towards internationalization of higher education: factors, features and requirements. Journal of the College of Education in Zagazig, (34).
The Collective Dictionary of Meanings https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/ /
The Egyptian Arabic Republic. (2010 AD). Law No. 103 of 1961 regarding the reorganization of Al-Azhar and the bodies it includes and its executive regulations issued by Presidential Decree No. (250) of 1975 AD, according to the latest amendments, 5th Edition, Cairo. Public Authority for Amiri Printing Affairs?
The shipment, Abdel Moneim El-Desouki Hassan. (2019). The Role of Port Said University in Community Service and Environmental Development "A Field Study": Journal of Educational Administration, Egyptian Society for Comparative Education and Educational Administration, 1(12).
Trahir, Sheila. (2013). Internationalization of Curricula: Concepts and Work Practice, European Commission, TEMPUS, IRIS Project, International Information Network (Internet), browsing date9/1/1438H.http://www.hit.ac.il/.upload/minisites/tempusiris/Publications/IoC%20Publication%20arabic.pdf
UNESCO (2004): Higher Education in a Globalizing Society, Guidance document United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris.
UNESCO (2008): Higher Education in a Globalizing Society, Guidance document United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris.
UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2015): UNESCO Education Strategy 2014-2021,
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1995): World Conference on Education entitled "Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century" Vision and Action, Working Documents, UNESCO, Paris from October 9
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2002). Towards an Arab Space for Higher Education: Global Challenges and Societal Responsibilities, Arab Regional Conference on Higher Education held in Cairo from May 31 to June 2, UNESCO Regional Office for Education in the Arab States, Beirut.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2003). The World Declaration on Higher Education for the Twenty-First Century: Vision and Action, Journal of Studies in Higher Education, (7), University Education Development Center, Ain Shams University.
Wah, Mohamed Abdel-Razek Ibrahim. (2012). A suggested vision for building an Arab university bloc in light of the requirements and challenges of internationalizing education. The future of Arab education, 19 (77), 317 - 392.
Wildowski, Ben, and Abdel-Rahim, Khalil Elyan. (2013). The Race for Great Minds: How Global Universities Are Reshaping the World. Strategic Visions, Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research 1(2), 166-167
World Bank (2003). The contribution of higher education to economic and social development. Building Knowledge Societies Report - New Challenges Facing Higher Education.
World Bank (2010): Higher Education in Egypt, Higher Education Reference Series, OECD, Cairo.
Ziyadah, Mustafa (1425 AH): Educational Thought: Its Schools and Perspective Trends, Riyadh, Al-Rushd Library,

ثالثا: المراجع الأجنبية:

Adams, T. (2007). The development of international education in Australia: A framework for the future. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), 410-420.‏
Adapa, P. K. (2013). Strategies and factors effecting internationalization of university research and education. Global Institute for Water Security University of Saskatchewan. http://homepage. usask. ca/~ pka525/Documents/Internationalization. pdf.‏
Altbach, P. G., & Teichler, U. (2001). Internationalization and exchanges in a globalized university. Journal of Studies in international Education, 5(1), 5-25.‏
Altbach، ، & Postiglione، G. (2013). Professors: The key to internationalization. International Higher Education، (73)، 11-12.
Australian Universities Quality Agency (AUQA): Internationalization of Australian Universities: Learning From Cycle 1 Audits. Antony Stella and Colleen Liston Antony Stella pud Colleen Liston، August 2008.
Ayoubi, R. M. (2013). A model of re-evaluating international partnerships in universities: A UK example. European Journal of Higher Education, 3(2), 220-234.‏
Bartell, M. (2003). Internationalization of universities: A university culture-based framework. Higher education, 45, 43-70.‏
Brajkovic, L., & Helms, R. M. (2018). Mapping internationalization on US campuses. International Higher Education, (92), 11-13.‏
Brandenburg, U., Hudzik, J. K., Ota, H., & Robertson, S. (2013). From innovation to mainstream and beyond: The unfolding story of internationalisation in higher education. European Association for International Education.‏
Bugnar, N., Mester, L., & Petrica, D. M. (2009). Strategic alliances: from success to failure. Annals of the University of Oradea: Economic Science Series, 18(1), 202-206.‏
Carmical, B. H. (2002). Internationalizing the Campus: What Do You Need To Know?. New Directions for Higher Education, 117, 79-86.‏
S. Lee. H. & Wu. Y. (2008. (Applying ANP Approach to Partner Selection for Strategic Alliance، Management Decision. 46(3): 449-465
Daly, A., & Barker, M. (2010). Australian universities' strategic goals of student exchange and participation rates in outbound exchange programmes. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32(4), 333-342.‏
De Wit، (2002). Internationalization of higher education in the United States of America and Europe: A historical، comparative، and conceptual analysis. Greenwood Publishing Group.
De Wit، ، Hunter، F.، Howard، L.، & Egron-Polak، E. (2015).Internationalisation of higher education study. Report for the European parliament’s committee on culture and education. Brussels: European Union.
Dinesh, T. (2010). Universities’ response to Internationalization: Case of University of Twente, is it truly international (Master's thesis), University of Twente.‏
Egron-Polak, E. (2012). Affirming academic values in internationalization of higher education: A call for action. Global Higher Education.‏
Ennew, C., & Greenaway, D. (Eds.). (2012). The globalization of higher education. ‏
Ferreira, A., & Franco, M. (2020). The influence of strategic alliances on human capital development: A study applied to technology-based SMEs. EuroMed Journal of Business, 15(1), 65-85.‏
Ginorio-Martinez, A. M. (2018). A Correlational Study of Attitudes of Students and Faculty Members Toward Internationalization in a Private Higher Education Institution in Puerto Rico ,Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University.‏
Gray Mc Cullan، Fred Clark ( 2014) Internationalization of studies and research in education ، Pedagog ical Historical- Taylor & Francis، 50
Green، ، & Whitsed، C. (2015). Introducing critical perspectives on internationalizing the curriculum. In Critical perspectives on internationalizing the curriculum in disciplines (pp. 1-22). Brill. 8.
Hayden، ، Thompson، J.، & Williams، G. (2003). Student perceptions of international education Stitle a comparison by course of study undertaken. Journal of Research in International Education، 2(2)، 205-232.
Helms،R،M(2014): Mapping International Joint and Dual Degrees:U.S. Program Profiles and Perspectives، American Council on Education،
Hudzik, J. K. (2011). Comprehensive internationalization: From concept to action. Washington, DC: NAFSA.‏
Kerklaan, V., Moreira, G., & Boersma, K. (2008). The role of language in the internationalization of higher education: An example from Portugal. European Journal of Education, 43(2), 241-255.‏
Knight, J. (2003). Internationalization of higher education practices and priorities: 2003 IAU survey report. International Association of Universities.‏،
Knight, J. (2003). Updated internationalization definition. International Higher Education 33 (2003) 2-3.‏
Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodeled: Definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of studies in international education, 8(1), 5-31.‏
Knight, J. (2008). Higher education in turmoil: The changing world of internationalization. ‏
Knight، (2008). Higher education in turmoil: The changing world of internationalization. Brill Sense. 21.
Knight، (2008). Higher education in Turmoil: the changing world of internationalization. Rotterdam: sense publishers.
knight، (2008). Internationalization of higher education practices and priorities: IAU survey Report، France.
Knight، Jane (2014). A Model for the Regionalization of Higher Education: The Role and Contribution of Tuning. Tuning Journal for Higher Education (1).
Kwiek، (2015). The internationalization of research in Europe: A quantitative study of 11 national systems from a micro-level perspective. Journal of studies in international education، 19(4)، 341-359.
Leask, B. (2009). Using formal and informal curricula to improve interactions between home and international students. Journal of studies in international education, 13(2), 205-221.‏
Loptes, K. A. (2019). A Systems Model for Internationalization in US Higher Education: Influence of Context, Culture, Leadership, and Faith. Eastern University.‏، Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation، Eastern University- College of Business and Leadership
A. & Luvison، D. (2014). Sense-Making's Role in Creating Alliance Supportive Organizational Culture. Management Decision. 52(2)، 259-277.
Marklein, M. B. (2017). Achieving a globally engaged campus in testing times. University World News, 276-288.‏
Mazzarol, T., Norman Soutar, G., & Sim Yaw Seng, M. (2003). The third wave: Future trends in international education. International Journal of Educational Management, 17(3), 90-99
McCarthy، (2007). A roadmap for creating the global campus. Chronicle of Higher Education Review، 53 (43).
Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1992). Causes of failure in network organizations. California management review, 34(4), 53-72.‏
Ministry of Education، University Grants Commission، Guidelines forInternationalisation of Higher Education، July 2021
NAFSA، Association of International Educators. (2007). Internationalizing the Campus 2007. Washington، DC: The Author.
Obolenska, T., & Tsyrkun, O. (2016). Conceptual approaches to international cooperation between higher education institutions. International Economic Policy, (25), 40.‏
OECD and UNESCO. (2005). Guidelines for quality provision in cross-border higher education. Paris: OECD
OECD and World Bank. (2002). Developing capacity through cross-border tertiary education. Paris/New York: OECD/World Bank.
Ouchi, F. (2004). Twinning as a Method for Institutional Development. A desk review, Washington DC, The World Bank Institute.‏
Özturgut, O., Cantu, M. P., Pereira, L. J., & Ramón, D. K. (2014). Effective strategies in internationalization of higher education in the United States. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 3(2), 29-39.‏
J. (2005). The Influence of Manager's Characteristics and Perception in Strategic Alliance Practice، Management Decision. 43(9)، 1097-1113.
Rothacker, A., & Hauer, G. (2014). Leadership in multinational management–A behavior-set to motivate multicultural teams. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 226-236.‏
Salas, R. (2014). The Rationales and Strategies of Internationalization in Higher Education: A Comparative Study of the University at Albany, SUNY and the University of Oslo (Master's thesis).‏
Samuel، Paul (2014). Internationalization of Higher Education: Strategic Implications. Economic & Political Weekly، Volxliv(9).
Schava، Annette (2008). Strengthening Germany's Role in The Global knowledge Society: Strategy of The Federal Government for The Internationalization of Science .
Schoorman, D. (2000). How Is Internationalization Implemented? A Framework for Organizational Practice.‏
Schøtt, T., & Jensen, K. W. (2016). Firms’ innovation benefiting from networking and institutional support: A global analysis of national and firm effects. Research Policy, 45(6), 1233-1246.‏
Singh, R. (2021). The Role of IAU in Facilitating International Cooperation. The Promise of Higher Education: Essays in Honour of 70 Years of IAU, 73-76.‏
Soderqvist, M. (2002). Internationalization and its management at higher-education institutions. Applying conceptual, content and discourse analysis. Helsinki School of Economics.‏
Tavallaei, R., Hosseinalipour, M., & Mohebifar, A. (2015). Top critical success factors for enterprises to benefit a prosperous learning through strategic alliances in developing countries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 194, 174-180.‏
Teng، & Das، T. (2008). Governance Structure Choice in Strategic Alliances: The Roles of Alliance Objectives، Alliance Management Experience، and International Partners. Management Decision، 46(5)، 725-742.
The American heritage dictionary. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Internationalization
ـThe UNESCO Institute for Statistics: Global Education Digest 2011، Comparing Education Statistics Across the World، Montreal، Canada،
The World Bank. (2011). Internationalization of Higher Education in MENA: Policy Issues Associated with Skills Formation and Mobility، The World Bank، Report No (63762-MINA)، Retrieved 4 oct 2016.
Turpin, T., Iredale, R., & Crinnion, P. (2002). The Internationalization of Higher Education: Implications for Australia and its Education Clients'. Minerva, 40, 327-340.‏
UNESCO (1998): Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century: Vision and Action.Paris، France: UNESCO،October
UNESCO (2009). The Conclusion of Fourth Conference under Title: The New Dynamics of Higher Education and Research for Societal Change and Development، Paris, 5-8 July.
UNESCO، International Cooperation in Higher Education: Trends، Issues، Challenges and New Avenues for the 21^st Century، in World Conference on Higher education: Higher education in 21^st Century: Vision and Action، Paris، 5-9 October, 1998.
University of Waterloo (UW). 1999. Beyond Borders: A Strategy for Enhanced Internationalization at the University of Waterloo.
Unruh S. (2014): Struggling International Students in the United States : Do University Faculty Know How to Help?”: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series، No: EDU2014-0946، Athens.
Urban, E. L., & Palmer, L. B. (2014). International students as a resource for internationalization of higher education. Journal of studies in international education, 18(4), 305-324.‏
Vainio-Mattila, A. (2009). Internationalizing Curriculum: A New Kind of Education? New directions for Teaching and Learning, 118, 95-103.‏
Wang, C. (2018). An exploration of students' experiences and interpretations of an internationalization policy implemented in a Chinese university: A case study (Doctoral dissertation, Durham University).‏
Wang، ، & Wang، Y. (2022). International Student Mobility and Internationalization of Higher Education in Hungary and China: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education، 14(2). 86.
Welch, A. (2002). Going global? Internationalizing Australian universities in a time of global crisis. Comparative Education Review, 46(4), 433-471.‏
Western Australia Technology and Industry Advisory Council (TIAC): Export of Western Australian Education and Training: Constraints and Opportunity (Perth: TIAC، 2000)، accessible at www.wa.gov.au/tiaec
Wit, H. D., & Knight, J. (1999). Quality and internationalization in higher education. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.‏
Wittenberg، (2011). Current and Future Trends in Higher Education، Austrian Federal Ministry for Education، Science and Culture.
Yang, R. (2002). University internationalization: Its meanings, rationales, and implications. Intercultural education, 13(1), 81-95.‏
Yang, R., & Welch, A. R. (2010). Globalisation, transnational academic mobility and the Chinese knowledge diaspora: An Australian case study. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 31(5), 593-607.‏
Yesufu، O. (2018). Motives and Measures of Higher Education Internationalization: A Case Study of a Canadian University. International Journal of Higher Education، 7(2)، 155–168.