The Degree of Practicing the Various Dimensions of Crisis Leadership During the Pandemic by the Academic Leaderships at King Khaled University, from the Perspective of Faculty Members

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Management and Educational Planning Department Faculty of Education, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University

Abstract

This study explores the degree to which the academic leaderships of KingKhaledUniversity have practiced the dimensions of crisis leadership during the Covid-19 Pandemic from the perspective of the faculty members. To achieve this purpose, the researchers used the descriptive method in preparing their research. The study used a questionnaire to collect data, which was applied to a sample of (329) faculty members, distributed based on the following variables: Gender, academic rank, and years of experience in university instruction. According to study findings, the academic leadership’s practice of the dimensions of crisis leadership during the Covid-19 Pandemic scored medium. Findings further identified differences in the study subjects' responses attributed to the gender variable in favor of females. There were also differences in study subject responses attributed to the years of experience variable in favor of those having 10 years of experience or more. Differences were not identified, though, in the study subjects' responses, which could be attributable to the academic rank variable. In light of the findings, the study presented some recommendations, including:  to expand in holding training and qualification programs that strengthen the crisis-handling skills of academic leaders, and forming ad-hoc committees at universities to manage crises that are qualified enough to predict crises before they erupt and develop multiple scenarios to deal with them and reduce their risks.
 

Highlights

 

 

Keywords


 

 
Ahmed, Eideh Mohammed. (2021). A Proposed Strategy to Improve the Performance Efficiency of Egyptian Universities in Risk Prevention, unpublished PhD thesis, Faculty of Education, Department of Fundamentals of Education, Ain Shams University.
Giuliani, Rudy and Darraji, Seif El-Din. (2022). Crisis Leadership: A Strategic Imperative. National News Center. Iraq. https://cutt.us/gP9jy Retrieved on October 23, 2022 at 2 P.M.
Hussein, Salama Abdul-Athim. (2021). Leadership in Times of Crisis. Society of Arab Business Administrators (SABA), p. 175, 31-39.
Al-Dulaimi, Abdul-Razzaq. (2020). The Impact of the Corona Pandemic on University Education. Addustour Newspaper. Friday, June 12. Jordan.
Radwan, Raafat. (2004) Electronic Management "Management and New Variables". The Second Management Forum of the Saudi Management Society, Egypt.
Saad, Yahya (2020). A Theoretical Model Framework on the Concept and Importance of Academic Leadership. https://cutt.us/1gYVN  Retrieved on October 23, 2022 at 5:00 P.M.
Saeed, Muhammed Saeed. (2018). Crisis Management at the Jordanian Public Universities in Northern Jordan, Islamic University Journal, Vol. 26, p. 3.
Al-Saeedi, Ahmad; Al-Manthari, Ahmad; Aba Kair, Fawzia; Hafeeth, Asaad, and Abu Bakr, Abdul Nasser. (2020). Critical Leadership: An Essential Requirement in Responding to COVID-19. The Lancet Medical Journal. 396 (10247) 295-298.
Al-Sanani, Maha. (1431 AH). Obstacles to Crisis Management at Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University from the Perspective of Faculty Deans, Department Heads, and their Deputies. An Unpublished Supplementary Research to meet the reqiorements of a Master's Degree in Education, Majoring in Educational Management and Planning, Department of Education, College of Social Sciences. Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University. Riyadh
Al-Shaalan, Ahmed. (2002). Crisis Management: Fundamentals, Stages and Mechanisms, Riyadh: NaifArabUniversity for Security Sciences (NAUSS). P. 26.
Abdul Rahman, Iman. (2019).  Crisis Management at Jordanian Higher Education Institutions; Al-Balqa’ Applied University Study Case. An-NajahUniversity Journal of Humanities Research, 33(7), 1098-1122.
Abdullah, Saladin. (2018), The Role of Leadership in Crisis Management, University of Dongola Journal, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Vol. 7, Issue 14, 173-190.
Kahwaji, Amina.  (2015). The role of Administrative Leadership in Crisis Management.  Economic Dimensions Journal, Issue 5, 298-330.
Mubarak, Yasmine Mohamed; Abdullah, Fahd Ali. (2021). The Level of Practicing Crisis Management Skills by the Administrative Leaderships of the University of Aden, Arts for Psychological & Educational Studies Journal, Thamar University, Issue 9, March 2021 AD, pp. 213-268.
Mahmoud, Haifa Ali. (2018). Crisis Management within the Faculties of the University of Hail - Sources and Strategies Used to Del with Crisis from the Perspective of Academic Leaders, Education Journal, Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University, Issue 168, Part 1, April, pp. 352-381.
Universities Law, (1441 AH), Ministry of Education, University Affairs Council, General Secretariat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
 
 
ثانياً: المراجع الأجنبية: Second: Foreign References:                          
Adedoyin, O.B., & Soykan, E. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Enviro-nments, 28 (6), 1-13.
Ahern, S., & Loh, E. (2020). Leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic: Building and sustaining trust in times of uncertainty. BMJ Leader, 5 (4), 266-269.
Baer, L., & Duin, A.H. (2020). “Smart change” for turbulent times: Planning for survival requires speed, flexibility, and committed leadership. Planning for Higher Education, 48 (3), 53-62.
Balasubramanian, S., & Shukla, V. (2022). Confirmation of a crisis leadership model and its effectiveness: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. ISSN:(Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/oabm20
Bataille, G.M., & Cordova, D.I. (Eds.). (2014). Managing the Unthink-able: Crisis Preparation and Response for Campus Leaders. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC.
Boin, A., Hart, P.T., Stern, E., & Sundelius, B. (2017). The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership under Pressure (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Bolden, R. (2020). Leadership, Complexity and Change: Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Bristol, UK: University of the West of England.
Booker, L., Jr. (2014). Crisis management: Changing times for colleges. Journal of College Admission, 222 (1), 16-23.
Camille, J., Dennis, R., Jackson, M., & Kenney, C.A. (2008). Academic and student affairs issues post Hurricane Katrina. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 32 (3), 235-250.
Caringal-Go, J.F., Teng-Calleja, M., Franco, E.P., Manaois, J.O., & Zantua, R.M.S. (2021). Crisis leadership from the perspective of employ-yees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 42 (4), 630-643.
Catullo, L.A., Walker, D.A., & Floyd, D.L. (2009). The status of crisis management at NASPA member institutions. NASPA Journal, 46 (2), 301-324.
Coldwell, D.A.L., Joosub, T., & Papageorgiou, E. (2012). Responsible leadership in organizational crises: An analysis of the effects of public perceptions of selected SA business organizations' reputations. Journal of Business Ethics, 109 (2), 133-144.
Coombs, W.T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10 (3), 163-176.
Coombs, W.T., & Holladay, S.J. (Eds.). (2012). The Handbook of Crisis Communication. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
Coulson-Thomas, C. (2021). Inspirational and/or contextual COVID-19 crisis leadership. Effective Executive, 24 (2), 14-37.
Crayne, M.P., & Medeiros, K.E. (2021). Making sense of crisis: Charis-matic, ideological, and pragmatic leadership in response to COVID-19. American Psychologist, 76 (3), 462-474.
 Deloitte (D). (2020a). The Heart of Resilient Leadership: Responding to COVID-19-A Guide for Senior Executives. London, UK: The Author.
Deloitte (D). (2020b). Leadership in the Times of COVID-19. London, UK: The Author.
Deloitte (D). (2020c). Leadership Styles of the Future: How COVID-19 Is Shaping Leadership Beyond the Crisis. London, UK: The Author.
Dirani, K.M., Abadi, M., Alizadeh, A., Barhate, B., Garza, R.C., Guna-sekara, N., Ibrahim, G., & Majzun, Z. (2020). Leadership competencies and the essential role of human resource development in times of crisis: A response to COVID-19 pandemic. Human Resource Development International, 23 (4), 380-394.
Dolan, L.S., Raich, M., Garti, A., & Landau, A. (2020). “The COVID-19 crisis” as an opportunity for introspection: A multi-level reflection on values, needs, trust and leadership in the future. European Business Review, 32 (2), 1-17.
Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117 (9), 284-289.
Dumulescu, D., & Muţiu, A.I. (2021). Academic leadership in the time of COVID-19: Experiences and perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 12 (4), 1-9.
Eichenauer, C.J., Ryan, A.M., & Alanis, J.M. (2021). Leadership during crisis: An examination of supervisory leadership behavior and gender during COVID-19. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 28 (2), 1-18.
Fernandez, A.A., & Shaw, G.P. (2020). Academic leadership in a time of crisis: The Coronavirus and COVID-19. Journal of Leadership Studies, 14 (1), 39-45.
Forbes (2017). New research: 7 ways to become a more resilient leader. https://www.forbes.com/sites/joefolk man/2017/04/06/new-research-7-ways-to-become -a-more-resilient-leader/?sh=445380d7a0ca
Forster, B.B., Patlas, M.N., & Lexa, F.J. (2020). Crisis leadership during and following COVID-19. Canadian Association of Radio-logists Journal, 71 (4), 421-422.
Garcia, B.D. (2015). Crisis leadership: The roles university presidents and crisis managers play in higher education-A case study of the State University System of Florida. PhD dissertation, FloridaInternationalUniversity, Miami-FL.
Gigliotti, R.A. (2019). Crisis Leadership in Higher Education: Theory and Practice. New Brunswick, NJ: RutgersUniversity Press.
Gigliotti, R.A. (2020). Looking beyond COVID-19: Crisis leadership implications for chairs. Department Chair, 31 (1), 14-15.
Gigliotti, R.A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on academic department chairs: Heightened complexity, accentuated liminality, and competing per-ceptions of reinvention. Innovative Higher Education, 46 (4), 429-444.
 
 
Gigliotti, R.A., & Fortunato, J.A. (2017). Crisis leadership: Upholding institutional values. In B.D. Ruben, R. De Lisi & R.A. Gigliotti (Eds.), A Guide for Leaders in Higher Education: Core Concepts, Compe-tencies, and Tools (pp. 299-323). Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC.
Harper, K.S., Paterson, B.G., & Zdziarski, E.L., II. (Eds.). (2006). Crisis Management: Responding from the Heart. Washington, DC: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators.
Harper, S.R. (2020). COVID-19 and the racial equity implications of reopening college and university campuses. American Journal of Education, 127 (1), 153-162.
Hersey, P., & Chevalier, R. (2000). Situational leadership and perform-ance coaching. In M. Goldsmith & L.S. Lyons (Eds.), Coaching for Leadership: How the World's Greatest Coaches Help Leaders Learn (pp. 247-256). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H., & Natemeyer, W.E. (1979). Situational leadership, perception, and the impact of power. Group and Organiza-tion Studies, 4 (4), 418-428.
Holmberg, I., & Åkerblom, S. (2006). Modelling leadership —Implicit leadership theories in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 22(4), 307–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2006.10. 002
Hu, J., He, W., & Zhou, K. (2020). The mind, the heart, and the leader in times of crisis: How and when COVID-19-triggered mortality salience relates to state anxiety, job engagement, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105 (11), 1218-1233.
Huang, R.-H., Liu, D.-J., Tlili, A., Yang, J.-F., Wang, H.-H., Chang, T.-W., & Zhuang, R. (2020). Handbook on Facilitating Flexible Learning during Educational Disruption: The Chinese Experience in Maintain-ing Undisrupted Learning in the COVID-19 Outbreak. Beijing, China: Smart Learning Institute of BeijingNormalUniversity.
Kapucu, N., & Ustun, Y. (2018). Collaborative crisis management and leadership in the public sector. International Journal of Public Admini-stration, 41 (7), 548-561.
 Rodrigo, V., Shah, V.H., & El-Serag, H. (2020). Leadership during crisis: Lessons and applications from the COVID-19 pandemic. Gastroen-terology, 159 (3), 809-812.
Kaul, V., Shah, V. H., & El-Serag, H. (2020). Leadership during crisis: Lessons and Applications from the COVID-19 pandemic. Gastroenterology, 159(3), 809–812. https:// doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.076
Klann, G. (2003). Crisis Leadership: Using Military Lessons, Organiza-tional Experiences, and the Power of Influence to Lessen the Impact of Chaos on the People You Lead. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.
Kruse, S.D., Hackmann, D.G., & Lindle, J.C. (2020). Academic leadership during a pandemic: Department heads leading with a focus on equity. Frontiers in Education, 5 (12), 1-14.
Laye, J. (2002). Avoiding Disaster: How to Keep Your Business Going When Catastrophe Strikes. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Marshall, J., Roache, D., & Moody-Marshall, R. (2020). Crisis leadership: A critical examination of educational leadership in higher education in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Studies in Educa-tional Administration, 48 (3), 30-37.
McKinsey & Company (MCK). (2020). Leadership in a Crisis: Responding to the Coronavirus Outbreak and Future Challenges. New York, NY: The Author.
McKinsey & Company (MCK). (2021). When Will the COVID-19 Pandemic End?. New York, NY: The Author.
Mitroff, I.I. (2004). Crisis Leadership: Planning for the Unthinkable. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Mitroff, I.I. (2005). Why Some Companies Emerge Stronger and Better from a Crisis: Seven Essential Lessons for Surviving Disaster. New York, NY: American Management Association.
Mitroff, I.I., & Anagnos, G. (2000). Managing Crises before They Happen: What Every Executive and Manager Needs to Know about Crisis Management. New York, NY: American Management Associa-tion.
Mitroff, I.I., & Pearson, C.M. (1993). Crisis Management: A Diagnostic Guide for Improving Your Organization’s Crisis-Preparedness. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Muffet-Willett, S.L., & Kruse, S.D. (2009). Crisis leadership: Past research and future directions. Journal of Business Continuity and Emergency Planning, 9 (3), 248-258.
Mujtaba, B.G., & Sungkhawan, J. (2009). Situational leadership and diversity management coaching skills. Journal of Diversity Manage-ment, 4 (1), 1-11.
Mutch, C. (2015). Leadership in times of crisis: Dispositional, relational and contextual factors influencing school principals’ actions. Interna-tional Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14 (2), 186-194.
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwand, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Aghae, M., & Aghaf, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78 (1),               185-193.
Nugroho, I., Paramita, N., Mengistie, B.T., & Krupskyi, O.P. (2021). Higher education leadership and uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, 4 (1), 1-7.
Odegard-Koester, M.A., Alexander, T., & Pace, L.K. (2020). Higher education in the age of COVID-19: Leadership challenges and strategies. Journal of Education and Culture Studies, 4 (4),   104-111.
Pauchant, T.C., & Douville, R. (1993). Recent research in crisis manage-ment: A study of twenty four authors' publications from 1986 to 1991. Industrial and Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7 (1), 43-66.
Ramalingam, B., Nabarro, D., Oqubay, A., Carnall, D.A., & Wild, L. (2020). Five principles to guide adaptive leadership. Harvard Business Review, 98 (9), 1-10.
 
 
Rollo, J.M., & Zdziarski, E.L., II. (2007). The impact of crisis. In E.L Zdziarski, II, N.W. Dunkel & J.M. Rollo (Eds.), Campus Crisis Manage-ment: A Comprehensive Guide to Planning, Prevention, Response, and Recovery (pp. 3-33). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Sahu, P.K. (2020). Closure of universities due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus, 12 (4), 1-6.
Sakurai, M., & Chughtai, H. (2020). Resilience against crises: COVID-19 and lessons from natural disasters. European Journal of Information Systems, 29 (5), 585-594.
Savanevičienė, A., Čiutienė, R., & Rūtelionė, A. (2014). Examining leadership competencies during economic turmoil. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156 (11), 41-46.
SchWeber, C. (2008). Determined to learn: Accessing education despite life-threatening disasters. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 12 (1), 37-43.
Schyns, B., & Riggio, R. E. (2016). Implicit leadership theories (pp. 1–7). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-319-31816-5_2186-1
Seghal, R., Balasubramanian, S., Sreejith, S., & Chanchaichujit, J. (2021). Transformational leadership and employee innovation: Examining the congruence of leader and follower perceptions. Journal of General Management, 47 (1), 18-30.
Selladurai, R. (2006). Leadership effectiveness: A "new" integrative leadership model. Journal of Business and Leadership: Research, Practice, and Teaching, 2 (1), 87-98.
Shaluf, I.M., Ahmadun, F., & Said, A.M. (2003). A review of disaster and crisis. Disaster Prevention and Management, 12 (1), 24-32.
Shaw, M.D. (2017). Pathways to institutional equilibrium after a campus disaster. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 25 (2), 103-113.
Short, P.M. (1994). Defining teacher empowerment. Education, 114 (4), 488-492.
Smith, L., & Riley, D. (2010). The Business of School Leadership: A Practical Guide for Managing the Business Dimension of Schools. Camberwell, Australia: ACER Press.
Smith, L., & Riley, D. (2012). School leadership in times of crisis. School Leadership and Management, 32 (1), 57-71.
Soete, L. (2021). Learning from the COVID-19 pandemic: How to better prepare for the next global crisis. Frontiers Policy Lab, 21 (7), 15-26.
Stoller, J.K. (2020). Reflections on leadership in the time of COVID-19. BMJ Leader, 4 (2), 1-3.
Treadwell, K.L. (2017). Learning from tragedy: Student affairs leadership following college campus disasters. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 54 (1), 42-54.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2020a). Education: From Disruption to Recovery. Paris, France: The Author.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2020b). COVID-19 and Higher Education: Today and Tomorrow-Impact Analysis, Policy Responses and Recommenda-tions. Paris, France: The Author.
United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). (2020). COVID-19: What Makes a Good Leader during a Crisis?. New York, NY: The Author.
Vedder, R. (2020). Higher Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Midland, MI: MackinacCenter for Public Policy.
Wang, J., & Hutchins, H.M. (2010). Crisis management in higher educa-tion: What have we learned from Virginia Tech?. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 12 (5) 552-572.
Xie, J., Gulinna, A., & Rice, M.F. (2021). Instructional designers' roles in emergency remote teaching during COVID-19. Distance Education, 42 (1), 70-87.
Yokuş, G. (2022). Developing a guiding model of educational leadership in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A grounded theory study. Participatory Educational Research, 9 (1), 362-387.
Yukl, G.A., & Van Fleet, D.D. (1992). Theory and research on leadership in organizations. In M.D. Dunnette & L.M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 147-197). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Zdziarski, E.L., II, Dunkel, N.W., & Rollo, J.M. (Eds.). (2007). Campus Crisis Management: A Comprehensive Guide to Planning, Prevention, Response, and Recovery. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Zdziarski, E.L., II. (2006). Crisis in the context of higher education. In K.S. Harper, B.G. Paterson & E.L. Zdziarski II (Eds.), Crisis Manage-ment: Responding from the Heart (pp. 3-24). Washington, DC: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators.